Download STAT 101 Vocabulary Exam Question & Answers 2025 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Answers 2025
statistic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a property of data variation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔differences among individuals or items; also fluctuates over time pattern - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a systematic, predictable feature in data statistical model - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a breakdown of variation into a predictable pattern and the remaining variation timeplot - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a chart of values ordered in time, usually with the values along the y-axis and time along the x-axis scatterplot - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a graph that shows pairs of values (x, y) laid out on a two-dimensional grid borrowing strength - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the use of a model to allow all of the data to answer a specific question
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data table - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a rectangular arrangement of data, as in a spreadsheet; rows and columns carry specific meaning observation, case - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔names given to the rows in a data table variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a column in a data table that holds a common attribute of the cases categorical variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔column of values in a data table that identifies cases with a common attribute numerical variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔column of values in a data table that records numerical properties of cases (also called continuous ____) measurement unit - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔scale that defines the meaning of numerical data, such as weights measured in kilograms or purchases measured in dollars ordinal variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a categorical variable whose labels have a natural order
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frequency - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the time spacing of data recorded in a time series cross-sectional data - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔data that measure attributes of different objects observed at the same time variation in data - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔differences among the values within a column of a data table distribution - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the collection of values of a variable and how often each occurs frequency table - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a tabular summary that shows the distribution of a variable relative frequency - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the frequency of a category divided by the number of cases, a proportion or percentage bar chart - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a display using horizontal or vertical bars to show the distribution of a categorical variable
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pareto chart - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a bar chart with categories sorted by frequency pie chart - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a display that uses wedges of a circle to show the distribution of a categorical variable area principle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the area of a plot that shows data should be proportional to the amount of data mode - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the _____ of a categorical variable is the most common cateogry median - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the ___ of an ordinal variable is the category is the middle observation of the sorted values summary statistic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔numerical summary of a variable, such as its median or average median - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔value in the middle of a sorted list of numbers; the 50th percentile
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coefficient of variation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the ratio of the SD to the mean (s/mean); has no units; values greater than 1 suggest values with a considerable variation; values near 0 indicate relatively small variation distribution - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the _____ of a numerical variable is the collection of possible values and their frequencies (just as for categorical variables) histogram - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a plot of the distribution of a numerical variable as counts of occurrences within adjacent intervals outlier - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a data value that is isolated far away from the majority of cases White Space Rule - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔if a plot has too much white space, refocus it boxplot - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a graphic consisting of a box, whiskers, and points that summarize the distribution of a numerical variable using the median and quartiles
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mode - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔position of an isolated peak in the histogram unimodal - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔histogram with one mode bimodal - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔histogram with two modes multimodal - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔histogram with three or more modes uniform - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔flat histogram with bars of roughly equal height symmetric - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the histogram of the distribution matches its mirror image tails - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the left and right sides of a histogram where the bars become short skewed - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an asymmetric histogram is _____ if the heights of the bars gradually decrease toward one side
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marginal distribution - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the frequency distribution of a variable in a contingency table given by counts of the total number of cases in rows (or columns) conditional distribution - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the distribution of a variable restricted to cases that satisfy a condition, such as cases in a row or column of a table associated - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Two categorical variables are _____ if the conditional distribution of one variable depends on the value of another stacked bar chart - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a bar chart that divides the bars into shared based on a second categorical variable mosaic plot - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a plot in which the area of each tile is proportional to the count in a cell of a contingency table lurking variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a concealed variable that affects the association between two other variables
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Simpson's paradox - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an abrupt change in the association between two variables that occurs when data are separated into groups defined by a third variable chi-squared - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a statistic that measures association in a contingency table; larger values indicate more association Cramer's V - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a statistic derived from chi- squared that measures the association in a contingency table on a scale from 0 to 1 scatterplot - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A graph that displays pairs of values as points on a two-dimensional grid response - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Name for the variable that has the variation we'd like to understand, placed on the y-axis in scatterplots explanatory variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔name for a variable that is to be used to explain variation in the response; placed on the x- axis in scatterplots
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probability - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the long-run relative frequency of an event Law of large numbers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the relative frequency of an outcome converges to a number, the probability of the outcome, as the number of observed outcomes increases sample space S - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the set of all possible outcomes event - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a portion (subset) of the sample space Venn diagram - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an abstract graphic that shows one or more sets disjoint events - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔events that have no outcomes in common; mutually exclusive events mutually exclusive - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔events are ___ _____ is no element of one is in the other
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union - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔collection of outcomes in A or B P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔What is the addition rule for disjoint events? Addition rule for disjoint events - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The probability of a union of disjoint events is the sum of the probabilities; If A and B are disjoint events, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔P(S) always equals P(A) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔For any event A, 0 <= ______ =< 1 complement - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔outcomes not in an event complement rule - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The probability of an event is one minus the probability of its complement P(A) = 1 - P(Ac) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔What is the complement rule?
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independent events - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔events that do not influence each other; the probabilities of ____ _____ multiply P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔What is the multiplication rule for independent events? multiplication rule for independent events - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Two events A and B are independent if the probability that both A and B occur is the product of the probabilities of the two events dependent events - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Events that are not independent, for which P(A and B) are NOT equal to P(A) x P(B) unions, intersections - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The addition rule applies to _____; the multiplication rule for independent events applies to _________ Boole's inequality - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Probability of a union less than or equal to the sum of the probabilities of the events Boole's Inequality - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔P(A1 or A2 or...or Ak) <= p1 + p2 + ... pk
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Idependence - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔________ is often assumed in order to find the probability of a large collection of similar events Boole's inequality - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔_____ ______ allows us to estimate the probability of a large collection of events without requiring the assumption of independence joint probability - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Probability of an outcome with two or more attributes, as found in the cells of a table; probability of an intersection marginal probability - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔probability that takes account of one attribute of the event; found in margins of a table conditional probability - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The _____ ____ of A given B is P(A/B) = P(A and B)/P(B) independent - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Two events are ______ if the probability that both occur (their intersection) is the product of their probabilities
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discrete random variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a random variable that takes on one of a list of possible values; typically counts random variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the uncertain outcome of a random process, often denoted by a capital letter continuous random variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a random variable that takes on any value in an interval probability distribution - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a function that assigns probabilities to each possible value of the random variable statistical model - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a breakdown of variation into a predictable pattern and the remaining variation parameter - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a characteristic of a random variable, such as its mean or standard deviation; _____ are typically denoted by Greek letters mean of a random variable - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the weighted sum of possible values, with the probabilities as weights
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expected value - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a weighted average that uses probabilities to weight the possible outcomes variance - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the _____ of a random variable X is the expected value of the squared deviation from its mean standard deviation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the square root of the variance, whether from data or probabilities Sharpe ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ratio of an investment's net expected gain to its standard deviation
