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Speech Sounds and Articulation: Diphthongs, Consonants, and Vowels, Assignments of Rhetoric

University of Manila (UM)Rhetoric

An overview of various speech sounds, including diphthongs, voicing, fricatives, affricates, nasals, and semi-vowels. It covers the articulation process, the role of the larynx and resonating structures, and the importance of proper articulation for clear speech. The document also discusses the anatomy of the mouth, including the hard and soft palate, teeth, and occlusion.

Typology: Assignments

2020/2021

Uploaded on 02/06/2021

jrab128
jrab128 🇵🇭

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Diphthong
A complex speech sound or glide that begins with one
vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the
same syllable.
Examples:
Words with diphthongs ow, ou, and är
blouse, pound, sprout, mountain
cow, fowl, towel, brown, flower
bar, guard, ark, shark, chart, alarm, harp, pardon
Voicing is the process of articulating a speech sound with voice.
Fricatives are consonant sound that is created by constricting
the vocal tract, causing friction as the air passes through it.
Examples:
(v sound, f sound, voiced th sound, unvoiced th sound,
z sound, s sound, zh sound, sh sound, and h sound) like
them(voiced) & thin(unvoiced), vote, face, vision, she, zoo,
so, and he.
Affricates are consonant sounds that begin by fully stopping
the air from leaving the vocal tract, then releasing it through a
constricted opening.
Examples:
ch and j sound like cheese and joy
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

Partial preview of the text

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Diphthong

A complex speech sound or glide that begins with one

vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the

same syllable.

Examples:

Words with diphthongs ow, ou, and är

 blouse, pound, sprout, mountain

 cow, fowl, towel, brown, flower

 bar, guard, ark, shark, chart, alarm, harp, pardon

Voicing is the process of articulating a speech sound with voice.

Fricatives are consonant sound that is created by constricting

the vocal tract, causing friction as the air passes through it.

Examples:

 ( v sound, f sound, voiced th sound, unvoiced th sound,

z sound, s sound, zh sound, sh sound, and h sound) like

them(voiced) & thin(unvoiced), vote, face, vision, she, zoo,

so, and he.

Affricates are consonant sounds that begin by fully stopping

the air from leaving the vocal tract, then releasing it through a

constricted opening.

Examples:

 ch and j sound like cheese and joy

Nasal - speech sound in which the airstream passes through the

nose as a result of the lowering of the soft palate (velum) at the

back of the mouth.

 The examples are letter M, N, & Ng.

Lateral - a consonant sound produced by raising the tip of the

tongue against the roof of the mouth so that the airstream flows

past one or both sides of the tongue.

 The basic example is the letter L.

Semi- vowel - a vowel-like sound occurring in consonantal

positions in the same syllable with a true vowel, characterized by

brief duration and rapid change from one position of articulation

to another.

 Examples are (w) and (y)

Articulation is the act of expressing something in a coherent

verbal form, or an aspect of pronunciation involving the

articulatory organs which includes the ff.

Bilabial - produced with the lips close together or touching.

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the

tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the

roof of the mouth, known also as the velum).

 Example is the letter K.

Glottal

  • glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their

primary articulation.

 Example is the letter H.

THE ARTICULATORY/RESONATING SYSTEM

Process of Speech Production  Tone generated by larynx is modified, through resonating structures, and is shaped into speech sounds by several structures (tongue and lips). The shaping of speech sounds is known as Articulation  Pharynx - sounds travels through the nasal, throat and mouth cavities known as the pharynx  laryngopharynx - starts above the larynx  oropharynx - laryngopharynx connected oropharynx  nasopharynx - oropharynx connected to nasoharynx, ends where 2 nasal cavities begin  Laryngopharynx and oropharynx add resonance to the sounds from the larynx.  Nasopharynx adds resonance to nasal sound (s,m, n, ng). Nasal cavity normally is closed.  Movement of the tongue, lips, and the larynx will change the shape of the vocal tract and in turn modify the sound emanating from the larynx. During consonant production, the tongue is sometimes used to momentarily occlude the vocal tract for the production of stop sounds like /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/. Production of sounds like /s/ and /sh/ require the tongue to form a constriction in the vocal tract that will produce noise when air is passed through the constriction. Major Articulators or Parts that is involved in Articulation

Soft Palate

Velum - known as soft palate, flexible muscular structure that hangs from hard palate  Uvula - small cone shaped structure, tip of velum

Hard Palate - roof of mouth, floor of nose

Premaxilla - front part of maxillary bone  Incisors - premaxilla houses 4 teeth known as incisors  Palatine Process - part of maxillary bone that forms hard palate  Alveolar Process - outer edges of maxillary bone

Anatomy

  • Tip - important role in articulation
  • Blade - adjacent to tip
  • Dorsum - large area of tongue, contacts hard and soft palate
  • Root - back of tongue  Major Articulator
  • Stop airflow and release it in plosive manner (t, k, d, g)
  • Constrict air passage, creating friction noises (s, z)
  • Stop airflow and release with fricative noise (ch-chalk, j-job)

Lips and Cheeks

Anatomy

  • Orbicularis Oris - make up lips
  • Buccinator - makes up cheeks  Articulators  Speech sounds can be articulated with minimal movement of lips  Lips are involved with labial sounds (p, b)  Lip closure builds intraoral air pressure, and released in a plosive manner  Both muscles are involved in above process.

SPEECH CHARACTERISTICS

  1. QUALITY OF VOICE : speaker’s speech is considered to be normal and good when it posses good quality of voice, means pleasant and intelligible. Number of harmonics noise ratio should be 15.
  • variations in the way you speak. These could be just about any modifier to your regular voice and speech pattern.
  • conveys both linguistic (involve words) and paralinguistic (do not involve words) information, and can be distinguished by acoustic source characteristics.
  • used to describe the quality of sound produced with a particular setting of the vocal folds

Examples:

Breath control (projection) has a lot of impact on the quality of your voice. As air passes through your larynx, between your vocal folds, the level of air pressure dictates what sounds are possible.  Fundamental frequency (high and low) and Intensity (loud or soft)  Vocal or Glottal Fry is a sound quality that relies on the way the vocal folds vibrate, different from their standard mode of vibrating.  Falsetto , like glottal fry, is another "different" mode of vocal fold vibration. It’s another vocal quality mode, and it sounds rather strange when applied to the regular speaking voice.  Modal phonation that produces a plain or normal voice quality and the Non modal phonation of breathy and creaky voice quality

  1. PITCH : Pitch is the psychological co-relate of frequency. Speaker should use his optimum pitch where output is maximum with less vocal efforts. That means he should not deviate from his optimum speech. Pitch should not be too high, too low or monotonous or stereotype.
  2. LOUDNESS : the speaker’s loudness should be normal i.e. in range of 40- 80 dB. Loudness should not be micro phonic or macro phonic.
  3. INTONATION : Intonation means variation of pitch or fluctuation of pitch during delivery of speech. Speech is considered having good characteristics when there is proper use of intonation or inflexion (tone). This means speaker should not have limited pitch in his speech or should not be monotonous. Normal adult person should have pitch range one and a half octave in males or 2 in females.

for listeners. While expressing, speaker follows the linguistic rules to frame sentences in correct manner to make the listeners understand.

  1. ANIMATION : When an individual speaks, he represents some kinds of body language with gestures to convey meaning. Like instead of saying ‘NO’ people shake their head.
  2. CONTEXT : Individual should speak to the topic i.e. related to subject. He should not deviate from his topic.
  3. SYNTAX : Individual should use syntactic rules of language while speaking.