Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Semi-Solids and its different Pharmaceutical uses., Study notes of Cell Biology

Centro Escolar University (CEU)Cell Biology

Semi-solids are medicinal dose forms that are both solid and liquid in consistency. They are distinct formulations that are adaptable and provide multiple advantages for drug delivery. Each type of semi-solid has its own distinct qualities and uses, making them appropriate for a variety of administration routes and therapeutic reasons. They have benefits such as ease of administration, enhanced drug retention, and precisely controlled release, resulting in useful pharmaceutical formulations.

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

Available from 07/26/2023

juju-43
juju-43 🇵🇭

9 documents

1 / 5

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS
Semi solid dosage forms are the products when applied to
the skin treat pathological condition and protect from other
harmful environments. They are smooth, non-staining and
get miscible with skin secretions.
Components
●One Or More Active Ingredients
●Suitable Base
●Emulsifiers
●Viscosity Agents
●Antimicrobial Agents
●Anti-Oxidants
●Stabilizing Agents
Uses of Semi-solid Preparation
1. Therapeutic
2. Protective
3. Cosmetic
Routes of application
1. Skin
2. Nasal
3. Vaginal
4. Rectal
5. Eyes
DOSAGE FORMS
Semi Solids
1. Ointment
2. Creams
3. Gels
4. Paste
5. Plaster
6. Dressings
Others
1. Powdered Solutions
2. Aerosols
ADVANTAGES Of SEMI SOLIDS
1. For external use only
2. Reduced side effects
3. It will not undergo first pass effect
4. Provides local action on the affected area
5. Convenient for unconscious patient or patient who
have a difficulty in oral administration
DISADVANTAGE OF SEMI SOLIDS
1. Bases used in the formulation can be easily oxidized
2. Dosage accuracy is a problem in this type of dosage
form
3. Bulky to handle
4. May sometimes cause irritation or allergy to some
patients
5. Application with the use of finger can easily cause
contamination
OINTMENTS, CREAMS AND GELS
●A topical dermatological product is designed to
deliver the drug into the skin in treating dermal
disorders.
●A transdermal product is designed to deliver drugs
through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the
general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin
not being the target organ
OINTMENTS
●Are semisolid preparations intended for external
application of such consistency that they may be
readily applied to the skin with or without injunction
(rubbing)
Are typically used as:
●Emollients
●Protective Barriers
●Vehicles
TYPES OF OINTMENT
MEDICATED
➔Those with medicaments for the treatment of
cutaneous infections
◆Examples: Sulfur Ointment, Zinc oxide
Ointment, Whitfield Ointment, Compound
Resorcinol Ointment
NON-MEDICATED
➔Also referred to as “Ointment bases”
➔Used as protectants, emollients or lubricants or
vehicle (to incorporate in medication)
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Semi-Solids and its different Pharmaceutical uses. and more Study notes Cell Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS

Semi solid dosage forms are the products when applied to the skin treat pathological condition and protect from other harmful environments. They are smooth, non-staining and get miscible with skin secretions. Components ● One Or More Active Ingredients ● Suitable Base ● Emulsifiers ● Viscosity Agents ● Antimicrobial Agents ● Anti-Oxidants ● Stabilizing Agents Uses of Semi-solid Preparation

  1. Therapeutic
  2. Protective
  3. Cosmetic Routes of application
  4. Skin
  5. Nasal
  6. Vaginal
  7. Rectal
  8. Eyes DOSAGE FORMS Semi Solids
  9. Ointment
  10. Creams
  11. Gels
  12. Paste
  13. Plaster
  14. Dressings Others
  15. Powdered Solutions
  16. Aerosols ADVANTAGES Of SEMI SOLIDS
  17. For external use only
  18. Reduced side effects
  19. It will not undergo first pass effect
  20. Provides local action on the affected area
  21. Convenient for unconscious patient or patient who have a difficulty in oral administration

DISADVANTAGE OF SEMI SOLIDS

  1. Bases used in the formulation can be easily oxidized
  2. Dosage accuracy is a problem in this type of dosage form
  3. Bulky to handle
  4. May sometimes cause irritation or allergy to some patients
  5. Application with the use of finger can easily cause contamination OINTMENTS, CREAMS AND GELS ● A topical dermatological product is designed to deliver the drug into the skin in treating dermal disorders. ● A transdermal product is designed to deliver drugs through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ OINTMENTS ● Are semisolid preparations intended for external application of such consistency that they may be readily applied to the skin with or without injunction (rubbing) Are typically used as: ● Emollients ● Protective Barriers ● Vehicles TYPES OF OINTMENT MEDICATED ➔ Those with medicaments for the treatment of cutaneous infections ◆ Examples: Sulfur Ointment, Zinc oxide Ointment, Whitfield Ointment, Compound Resorcinol Ointment NON-MEDICATED ➔ Also referred to as “Ointment bases” ➔ Used as protectants, emollients or lubricants or vehicle (to incorporate in medication)

Four General Groups Of Ointment Bases Hydrocarbon Bases Or Oleaginous Base ● Water free and contain petrolatum and/or modified petroleum waxes or paraffin oil ● Retained on the skin for prolonged periods ● Do not permit the escape of moisture from the skin ● Difficult to wash-off (greasy) ● Used for emollient and occlusive action Examples of Hydrocarbon Bases I. Petrolatum USP – Yellow Petrolatum, Petroleum Jelly, Vaseline® II. White Petrolatum – White Petroleum Jelly, White Vaseline® III. Yellow Ointment – Simple Ointment (contains 5% yellow wax) IV. White Ointment V. Mineral Oil – Liquid Petrolatum Absorption Bases ● Are not easily removed from the skin with water washing ● Useful as pharmaceutical adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases Two Types of Absorption Bases

  1. Those that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions, resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsions ○ Examples: ◇Hydrophilic Petrolatum,USP ◇Aquaphor® / Aquabase ®
  2. Those that are already W/O emulsions that permit the incorporation of small additional quantities of aqueous solutions ○ Also called EMULSION BASES ○ Ex.: Lanolin, USP (Wool fat)- contains not more than 0.25% water Water-Removable Bases ● Are Oil-in-Water emulsion resembling creams in appearance ● Are easily washed from the skin and are often called “WATER-WASHABLE” bases ● May be diluted with water or with aqueous solutions ● They have the ability to absorb serous discharges ● Example: Hydrophilic Ointment, USP Water-Soluble Bases ● Commonly referred to as “greaseless” ointment bases ● Water-washable, because of the absence of oleaginous material ● Soften with the addition of large amount of aqueous solutions ● Example: Polyethylene Glycol Ointment,NF – contains PEG 3350 (40%) and PEG 400 (60%) Methods Of Preparation
  3. Incorporation ● Via spatulation with geometric dilution technique ● Via trituration using mortar and pestle with levigation ● Incorporation of a gummy material via pulverization by intervention
  4. Fusion INCORPORATION
  5. Via spatulation with geometric dilution technique
  6. Via trituration using mortar and pestle with levigation a. Levigation – mixing the solid material in a vehicle in which it is insoluble to make a smooth dispersion; examples are mineral oil for bases in which oils are the external phase or glycerin for bases in which water is the external phase b. The levigating agent should be about equal in volume to the solid material
  7. Incorporation of a gummy material via pulverization by intervention a. Example: camphor b. The material is dissolved in a solvent and spread out on the pill tile c. The solvent is allowed to evaporate, leaving a thin film of the material onto which the other ingredient/s are spread d. The material is then worked into the ingredients by trituration with a spatula

● Medicated Gels May Be Administered Into The Skin, The Eye, The Nose, The Vagina, And The Rectum Packaging and Storage ● Tight Container ● Avoid freezing PASTES ● Thicker and stiffer than ointments ● More absorptive and less greasy than ointments ● Effective employed to absorb serous secretions and therefore preferred for crusting and oozing lesions ● Not generally suited for application to hairy parts of the body ● Example: Zinc oxide Paste (minor skin irritations such as burns, cuts, and diaper rash) –Lassar’s Plain Zinc Paste- prepared by mixing 25% each of zinc oxide and starch with white petrolatum ● Are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread upon a suitable backing material and intended for external application to a part of the body to provide prolonged contact at that site COMPONENTS ● Backing Material ● Adhesive material ● Medicinal Substances TYPES OF PLASTERS ➔ MEDICATED ◆ Salicylic Acid Plaster, 10 to 40% (Corn Plaster)

  • Keratolytic, for the removal of corns ◆ Chili Plaster ◆ Antiseptic Plaster ◆ Salonpas ➔ NON-MEDICATED ◆ Used to provide protection or mechanical support ◆ Examples: Leukoplast, Micropore,Transpore, Bandages, Tegaderm F. Glycerogelatins ● Are plastic masses intended for topical application ○ Gelatin – 15 % ○ Glycerin – 40 % ○ Water – 35 % and ○ An added Medicinal substance as Zinc Oxide
  • 10 % ● Melted prior to application, cooled and applied with a fine brush ● Official glycerogelatin is ZINC GELATIN (Zinc Gelatin Boot) – used in the treatment of varicose ulcers CATAPLASMS/POULTICES ● Are ointment like preparations intended for warm, external application to a body surface for the purpose of reducing inflammation and/or allaying pain ● Should be warmed before application and applied with a piece of cloth ● Example: Numotizine® Cataplasm DRESSINGS ● External applications resembling ointments in consistency but remaining semisolid at body temperature, they liquefy at 50°C and remain pliable in thin films below 28°C. ● Classes of Dressings
  1. Primary wound dressing (semisolid) or wet dressings (antiseptic solutions)
  2. Absorbents
  3. Bandages
  4. Adhesive tapes ● Paraffin Dressing, NF - is an air-excluding, soft, pliable, analgesic, splint –like covering for surfaces denuded by wound. ● Surgical Dressing – any material used as covering, protective, or support for a diseased part Features of Ophthalmic Ointments and Gels ● Provide extended residence time on the surface of the eye. ● Cleared from the eye as slowly as 0.5% per minute ● Ointment bases should have a softening point close to body temperature, both for comfort and for drug release ● Must not be irritating to the eye ● Must permit the diffusion of the medicinal substance throughout the secretions bathing the eye

Components Ophthalmic Ointments and Gels Ointment Bases ● Mixtures of white petrolatum and liquid petrolatum (mineral oil) - medicated and unmedicated (lubricating) ophthalmic ointments. Lanolin is added as water absorbing. ● PEG (gel base) and mineral oil permits water and water-insoluble drugs to be retained within the base. ● Medicinal agents are added to an ointment base either as a solution or as a finely micronized powder. The ointment is made uniform and smooth by fine milling. Components Ophthalmic Ointments and Gels

  1. Must meet USP sterility test and requirements for metal particles
  2. Methylparaben (0.05%) & Propylparaben (0.01%)
  3. Phenylmercuric acetate (0.0008%)
  4. Chlorobutanol (0.5%)
  5. Benzalkonium chloride (0.008%)
  6. Must be packaged in collapsible ointment tubes having elongated narrow tip Features and Use of Nasal Ointments and Gels ● Intended for local effects on the mucous membrane and underlying tissues (nasal decongestants) ● Also used for systemic absorption of drugs including: ■ Butorphanol tartrate – analgesic ■ Cyanocobalamin – hematopoietic ■Narfaralin acetate – for the treatment of endometriosis ■ Nicotine – adjunct in smoking cessation Features and Use of Rectal Preparations ● Ointments, Creams and Gels – to treat local conditions of anorectal pruritus, inflammation, and the pain and discomfort associated with hemorrhoids ● Rectal ointments and creams are packaged with special perforated plastic tips ● Rectal aerosol foams ■ Procto-foam-HC ■ treat minor pain, itching, swelling, and discomfort caused by hemorrhoids Features and Use of Vaginal Preparations ● Ointments, creams, and gels for vaginal use are packaged in tubes; vaginal foams in aerosol canisters. ● Used in the topical treatment of vulvovaginal infections, vaginitis, endometrial atrophy and for contraception with spermicidal agents