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[PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY]
VACCINES
LIVE ATTENUATED INACTIVATED SUBUNIT: BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES SUBUNIT: SURFACE PROTEINS SUBUNIT: TOXOIDS DNA RECOMBINANT mRNA characteristics weakened vaccines killed pathogens in sugar antigens not highly immunogenic cause-effective attack like genetic code similar to natural pathogens by heat, radiation, chemical not very immunogenic neutralize toxins stable - genetic material > translation > protein disadvantages can’t withstand higher temperatures weaker immune response short-term effect protein-based, purified proteins and antibodies may not bind effectively limited to protein antigens
- preferred: malamig bakuna or if binuksan, bigay na agad given in multiple doses - given on phospholipid outer part tolerance to antigens high mutation percentage examples measles influenza/flu vaccine meningococcal pertussis tetanus toxoids poxvirus
- common in children polio vaccine pneumococcal hepatitis B vaccine diphtheria adenoviruses vaccine rotavirus antirabies vaccine haemophilus influenza type B (HIB) vaccine
- for neonatal diarrhea
- cause for: birth to 28 days nagtatae
- norwalk virus: cause for 2 yrs above nagtatae yellow fever chicken pox cholera BCG vaccine
- for TB
- given at birth thru intradermal or transdermal (only vaccine given TD)
- MMR, Varicella: subcutaneous WHERE GIVEN WHEN GIVEN deltoid (^) intramuscular at birth BCG hepatitis B
- 0 day
- 1 month after
- 6 months after
- miss = repeat count fatty triceps area (e.g. stomach) subcutaneous 12 months MMR varicella 9 months measles 6 months measles (if outbreak) 3 times
- 6 months
- 10 months
- 14 months pneumococcal tetanus diphtheria pertussis During Pregnancy influenza tetanus diphtheria pertussis hepatitis
- only when recommended
SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
red-man syndrome vancomycin serotonin syndrome linezolid sulfa-drug used for malaria sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine hospital-acquired pneumonia for MRSA arthralgia myalgia syndrome quinupristin-dalfopristin gray-baby syndrome chloramphenicol aminoglycoside for tb streptomycin aplastic anemia streptomycin-resistant for tb kanamycin pseudomembranous colitis ampicillin inhibit D-ala (like vancomycin), but used as anti-tb drug cycloserine ciprofloxacin interstitial nephritis meticillin community-acquired pneumonia for MRSA clindamycin vancomycin-resistant enterococcus linezolid quinupristin-dalfopristin ceph + 3 ceff 1st generation cephalosporin cef + vowels + met, pro, lora 2nd generation cephalosporin cef + consonant + money (pera, tax, fix) 3rd generation cephalosporin 4th generation cephalosporin
SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS
ANSWER QUESTION TYPE QUESTION
VACCINES
True TRUE OR FALSE Live Attenuated are forms of virus that are similar to natural pathogens True Antirabies be given to pregnant women only for post-exposure prophylaxis True
- except for yellow fever Pwede ba pagsabayin and dalawang Live Attenuated vaccine at the same day? True Pwede ba pagsabayin and Live Attenuated and Inactivated vaccine at the same day? True
- except for yellow fever Pwede ba pagsabayin and dalawang Inactivated vaccine at the same day? False
- wait 1 week to 4 weeks if hindi kayang same day Naturukan ka ng 1 Live Attenuated vaccine today , the other Live Attenuated vaccine will arrive tomorrow. Pwede ba iturok bukas? ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL DRUGS pyrazinamide most hepatotoxic anti-tb drug anti-tb drug not for pregnant women rifampicin red-orange urine ethambutol retrobulbar neuritis B6 (pyridoxine) what vitamin should be given if experiencing isoniazid toxicity? clofazimine for multibacillary leprosy isoniazid causes peripheral neuropathy in combination with B isoniazid (H) rifampicin (R) pyrazinamide (Z) ethambutol (E) tb treatment initial phase
- 2 months HRZE isoniazid (H) rifampicin (R) tb treatment continuation phase
- 4 months HR
- 7 months HR for pregnant women
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
ertapenem no pseudomonas coverage doxycycline drug used as malaria prophylaxis to avoid leptospirosis ANTIMICROBIALS MATCHING TYPE introduction to antimicrobials (table above) rationale for combination therapy
