Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry, Lecture notes of Pharmacognosy

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Pharmacognosy

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Plant Chemistry

Treatment of Malignant Diseases

• (^) A man is found dead on a Sunday morning. His wife calls the police immediately. The police question the wife and staff. The wife said he was asleep, the cook said he was cooking breakfast, the gardener said he was picking vegetables, the butler said he was cleaning the closet, and the maid said he was getting the post. The police immediately arrested the murderer. Who was the murderer?

• (^) The last 50 years a vast searched of the plant kingdom for phytochemicals with anticancer activity.
• (^) Medicaments are derived from Catharanthus, Taxus, and Podophyllum among the most effective in current usage.
• (^) Introduction of the new techniques designed to eliminate nuisance compounds, accelerated the process of screening many hundreds of specimen.
• (^) Clinical trials continue on a number of promising compound.

Cancer Is characterized by rapid and uncontrolled formation of abnormal cells which may mass together to form a growth or tumor. Proliferate throughout the body, initiating abnormal growth at other sites. ANTI-CANCER DRUGS: Drugs that are used in inhibiting the abnormal cell growth or killing the cancer cells.

• PLANTS CONTAINING ANTICANCER AGENTS IN CURRENT USE

Vinca Alkaloids B.Source: Catharanthus roseus Habitat: Growing in the wild in most warm region of the world. Family: Apocynaceae Part used: Dried whole plant

Active Chemical Constituent :

• (^) Ajmalicine
• (^) Vindoline
• (^) Catharanthine Mechanism of action:
  • (^) These drugs block the formation of mitotic spindle by preventing the assembly of tubulin dimers into microtubules.
  • (^) They act primarily on the M phase of cancer cell cycle.

Paclitaxel (Taxol) B. source:

• (^) Taxus baccata Family:
• (^) Taxaceae Habitat:
• (^) Forest of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia Part used:
• (^) Stem segments and roots

Active Chemical Constituents: Taxane Paclitaxel Cephaloamine Mechanism of Action: These drugs act by interfering with mitotic spindle They prevent micotubule disassembly into tubulin monomers

Camptothecin B. source:

• (^) Camptotheca acuminata Family:
• (^) Nyssaceae Habitat:
• (^) Southeast Asia and mostly cultivated mainly on the roadside. Part used: Bark, wood and lately young leaves.

Active Chemical Constituent : Camptothecin Irinotecan Topotecan Mechanism of action: Camptothecin act by inhibiting topoisomerase-I

Podophyllotoxin B. source: Podophyllum peltatum; Habitat : USA and Southeastern Canada growing profusely in wet meadows and in damp open woods. Family: Berberidaceae Part used:

Active Chemical Constituent: Podophyllotoxin Podophylloresin Diphyllin and Aryltetralin Mechanism of action: Blocks the cell in S-G phase of cell cycle. Inhibits enzyme topoisomerase II leading to DNA damage

Maytansinoids B. source: Maytenus boaria Habitat : Mountains of South America Family: Celastraceae Part used: Leaves