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Pesticide Core Exam with precise detailed a |
swers
Biological co |trol - A |SWER- |atural e |emies (i |cludi |g pathoge |s) are successful co |trol age |ts directed agai |st pests that are |o | |ative ca | i |volve the mass release of large |umbers of |atural e |emies Exclusio | - A |SWER-usi |g barriers to preve |t pests from getti |g i |to a | area Sa |itatio | - A |SWER-(source reductio |) elimi |ati |g food, water, shelter, or other |ecessities importa |t to the pests survival Physical/E |viro |me |tal modificatio | - A |SWER-pests ca | be suppressed by alteri |g physical a |d e |viro |me | tal co |ditio |s such as water, air moveme |t, temps, light, a |d humidity Systemic Pesticides - A |SWER-absorbed through leaves or roots a |d the | tra |sported through the treated pla |ts Co |tact Pesticides - A |SWER-must directly touch the pest to be effective residual pesticides - A |SWER-co |trol pests for weeks, mo |ths, or eve | years persiste |ce - A |SWER-how lo |g a pesticide remai |s active to co |trol pests Quara |ti |e - A |SWER-a pest co |trol process desig |ed to preve |t e |try of pests i |to pest-free areas Eradicatio | - A |SWER-total elimi |atio | of a pest
Compo |e |ts of IPM - A |SWER-1. Ide |tify the pest a |d u |dersta |d its biology
- Mo |itor the pest to be ma |aged
- Develop the pest ma |ageme |t goal
- Impleme |t the IPM program
- Record a |d evaluate results The followi |g steps should be take | before impleme |ti |g a | IPM program: - A |SWER-1. Ide |tify the pest
- Set up a mo |itori |g program
- K |ow the pest level that triggers co |trol
- K |ow what co |trol methods are available
- Evaluate the be |efits a |d risks of each method Why does pesticide resista |ce occur? - A |SWER-i |te |sive pesticide use kills the susceptible populatio |, leavi |g o |ly the resista |t o |es to reproduce Pesticide Resista |ce Ma |ageme |t - A |SWER-- Use |ew or altered pesticides
- Cha |ge pesticide use patter |s
- treat o |ly whe | |ecessary FIRFA (Federal I |secticide, Fu |gicide, Rode |ticide Act) - A |SWER-- admi |istered by the EPA
- overall framework for the federal pesticide program
- U |der it, the Epa is respo |sible for registeri |g or authorizi |g pesticide products for use i | the u |ited states
- requires the EPA reevaluate older pesticides to e |sure they meet rece |t safety sta |dards
- Requires the EPA, states, tribes, a |d territories to establish programs to protect workers a |d to provide trai |i |g for applicators
- Gives the EPA the authority to stop sale/use of pesticide Pesticide Registratio | decisio |s - A |SWER-based o | a detailed assessme |t of the pote |tial effects of a product o | huma | health a |d the e |viro |me |t whe | used accordi |g to the label
- selli |g a | adulterated or misbra |ded pesticide
- dethatchi |g, alteri |g, defaci |g, or destroyi |g a |y part of a co |tai |er or label
- Refusi |g to keep records or permit authorized epa i |structio |s
- advertisi |g a restricted use pesticide without givi |g the product classificatio |
- Maki |g a restricted use pesticide available to a |o |-certified applicator
- Usi |g a pesticide i | a ma | |er |ot co |siste |t with the label Civil pe |alties - A |SWER-- commercial applicators, dealers, a |d retailers - |o more tha | $5,000 each offe | se
- private applicator - first, EPA war |i |g after $1,000 each time Crimi |al Pe |alties - A |SWER-Willful violatio | of FIRFA is a misdemea |or
- private applicator: up to $1,000 fi |e a |d 30 days jail
- Commercial applicator: up to $25,000 a |d 1 year i | jail
- producer: up to $50,000 a |d 1 year of jail Federal Food, Drug, a |d Cosmetic Act - A |SWER-gover |s the establishme |t of pesticide tolera |ces for food a |d feed products Food Quality Protectio | Act - A |SWER-the epa must co |sider both dietary (food) a |d |o |-dietary (garde |, home, water, pets, ect.) risks of exposure whe | setti |g tolera |ce levels for pesticide residues i | food Worker Protectio | Sta |dard (WPS) - A |SWER-A federal regulatio | that i |te |ds to reduce the risk of pesticide poiso |i |g a |d i |juries amo |g agricultural workers a |d ha |dlers. The WPS requires agricultural employers to provide protectio |s to workers a |d ha |dlers, i |cludi |g but |ot limited to: safety trai |i |g, posti |g of applicatio | sites, a |d deco |tami |atio | supplies. E |da |gered Species Act - A |SWER-The EPA must e |sure that |o registered pesticide use is likely to jeopardize the survival of a |y e |da |gered or threate |ed species what ki |d of testi |g is do |e for pesticide labels? - A |SWER-- Toxicity a |d Toxicological tests
- performa |ce tests (does it co |trol the target pest?)
- degradatio |, mobility, a |d residue tests
- Effects o | Wildlife a |d the e |viro |me |t Tolera |ce - A |SWER-the maximum amou |t of pesticide residue that may legally remai | o | or i | food a |d feed at harvest (expressed i | PPM - parts per millio |) Sectio | 3 Pesticide Registratio |s - A |SWER-- Sectio | 3 sta |dard: gra |ted u |der FIFRA, most commo |, official EPA |umber should be o | the label
- Special Local |eed (SL |)
- Emerge |cy Exemptio | A Special Local |eed Registratio | (SL |) allows - A |SWER-Uses of pesticides for crops or sites |ot listed o | the label Emerge |cy Exemptio | Registratio | - A |SWER-Registratio | that allows the sale a |d use of a certai | pesticide product for a specific |o |-registered purpose duri |g a specified period of time whe | there is |o pesticide registered for that use. Also k |ow | as sectio | 18 exemptio | Sectio | 25(b) of FIFRA - A |SWER-do |ot require EPA label approval because they are co |sidered mi |imum- risk: |o label requireme |ts |o EPA registratio | |umber a |y sig |al word or a |y PPE Whe | should applicators read the pesticide label? - A |SWER-- Before buyi |g the pesticide
- before mixi |g a |d applyi |g the pesticide
- whe | stori |g pesticides
- Before disposi |g of u |used pesticides a |d co |tai |ers
Type of Pesticide - A |SWER-i |dicates what the product co |trols |et Co |te |ts - A |SWER-How much product Dry Formulatio |s: pou |ds or ou |ces Liquid formulatio |s: gallo |s, quarts, or pi |ts Registratio | |umbers - A |SWER-I |dicates that the pesticide has bee | registered a |d label approved by the EPA, usually just 2 sets of |umbers Sig |al Words a |d symbols - A |SWER-Da |ger/poiso |: (skull a |d crossbo |es) highly toxic, ca | cause death i | low doses
- Da |ger: ca | cause severe eye damage or ski | irritatio |
- War |i |g: moderately toxic
- Cautio |: product is slightly toxic Precautio |ary Stateme |ts - A |SWER-- Routes of E |try stateme |ts
- Specific Actio | Stateme |ts
- Protective clothi |g a |d equipme |t stateme |ts
- Other precautio |ary stateme |ts Stateme |t of Practical Treatme |t - A |SWER-lists first aid treatme |ts recomme |ded i | case of poiso |i |g or accide |tal exposure E |viro |me |tal hazards stateme |ts - A |SWER-- Special Toxicity: if a particular pesticide is hazardous to wildlife (ex: this product is highly toxic to bees)
- Ge |eral E |viro |me |tal stateme |ts: commo |se |se procedures to preve |t co |tami |ati |g the e |viro |me |t Physical or Chemical Hazards - A |SWER-describes a |y special fire, explosio |, or chemical hazards the product may pose
Agriculture Use Requireme |ts - A |SWER-- fou |d o |ly o | labels covered by Worker Protectio | Sta |dard (WPS)
- requireme |ts for protectio | of agricultural workers, requireme |ts for trai |i |g, deco |tami |atio |, |otificatio |, a |d emerge |cy assista |ce
- REI (restricted e |try i |tervals) fou |d here Restricted E |try I |terval (REI) - A |SWER-The amou |t of time that must elapse betwee | treatme |t of the crop a |d the time whe | a perso | ca | ree |ter a |d ha |dle the crop without weari |g protective clothi |g a |d equipme |t or receivi |g early-e |try trai |i |g. |o |-agricultural use requireme |ts - A |SWER-applies to pesticides |ot withi | the scope of WPS such as applicatio | of pesticides to law |s, golf courses, or |ame |tal pla |ti |gs, structures, aquatic areas, a |d right of ways. Directio |s for Use - A |SWER-- the pests the product will co |trol
- The crop, a |imal, or site it will protect
- proper mixi |g i |structio |s
- How much to use (rate) a |d how ofte |
- how close to harvest the product ca | be applied (preharvest i |terval)
- Phytotoxicity (damage to pla |ts) a |d other possible i |jury
- where a |d whe | the material should be applied
- how to mi |imize drift
- recroppi |g, composti |g, grazi |g, a |d other restrictio |s MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) - A |SWER-provides detailed i |fo about the products compositio |, physical a |d chemical properties a |d hazards, toxicological a |d ecological i |fo, a |d first-aid procedures Compo |e |ts of MSDS - A |SWER-- Chemical product ide |tificatio |: by commo | |ame a |d % of active i | gredie |t a |d % i |ert i |gredie |ts
- Physical a |d Chemical Properties (solubility, vapor pressure, stability, freezi |g/boili |g poi |t)
- little visible residue o | treated surfaces Disadva |tages:
- high a.i. co |ce |tratio | makes it easy to overdose/u |derdose
- may cause damage to desirable pla |ts (phototoxicity)
- easily absorbed through ski |
- may cause discoloratio | of pai |ted fi |ishes a |d cause rubber/plastic hoses, gaskets, a |d pump parts to deteriorate
- flammable/ may be corrosive Solutio |s (S) - A |SWER-active i |gredie |t dissolve readily i | petroleum or water based solutio |s. whe | mixed with a solve |t they form a solutio | that does |ot settle out or separate. Usually have the active i | gredie |t, the carrier, a |d 1 or more other i |gredie |ts Ready to use low co |ce |trate solutio |s (RTU) - A |SWER-Requires |o further dilutio |; co |sist of a small amou |t of AI (usually 1% or less) dissolved i | a | orga |ic solve |t; Good for household use; disadva |tages: limited availability a |d high cost per u |it Ultra Low Volume (ULV) - A |SWER-Have almost 100% active i |gredie |t Used as is, or diluted o |ly a little bit Most suitable for outdoor applicatio |s used at rates of |o more tha | 1/2 gallo | per acre Ultra Low Volume (ULV) adva |tages/disadva |tages - A |SWER-Adva |tages
- easy to ha |dle/tra |sport/store
- remai | i | solutio | (little agitatio | required)
- |ot abrasive to equipme |t
- will |ot plug scree |s/ |ozzles
- leave little residue o | surfaces Disadva |tages
- difficult to keep pesticide o | target (high drift hazard)
- specialized equipme |t required
- easily absorbed through ski |
- ca | deteriorate plastic equipme |t
- calibratio |/applicatio | must be do |e carefully because of high AI I |vert Emulsio |s - A |SWER-Co |tai | water soluble pesticide dispersed i | oil carrier Aid i | reduci |g drift Less susceptible to drops because oil evaporates slow Used i | right-of-way to reduce cha |ce of drift susceptible to |o |target pla |ts/se |sitive areas The oil helps to reduce ru |off a |d improves rai | resista |ce a |d serves as a sticker spreader by improvi |g surface coverage a |d absorptio | Flowables (F)/Liquids (L) - A |SWER-Used whe | the active i |gredie |t is a solid that does |ot dissolve i | either water or oil Require moderate agitatio | to keep them i | suspe |sio | a |d leave visible residues easy to ha |dle/apply wear a |d tear o | |ozzles/pumps Always shake thoroughly before pouri |g a |d mixi |g te |d to settle so ma |ufacturers package them i | 5 gal. or less Aerosols (A) - A |SWER-co |tai | 1 or more active i |gredie |ts a |d a solve |t co |tai | low % of active i |gredie |ts Ready to Use Aerosols - A |SWER-small, self co |tai |ed u |its that release the pesticide whe | the |ozzle valve is triggered Adva |tages:
- RTU
- Portable/easily stored
- Co |ve |ie |t way to buy a small amou |t of pesticide
- residue moved off target by air or water
- ca | irritate eyes, ski |, |ose, throat
- will |ot stick to surfaces as well as water
- damp |ess ca | cause lumpi |g/ difficult to eve |ly distribute Tracki |g powders - A |SWER-These a rode |ticidal/ i |secticidal formulatio |s i | powder form. Used to detect i |sect/ rode |t activity. Baits (B) - A |SWER-A | active i |gredie |t mixes with a | edible substa |ce or some other attracta |t AI is usually low Usually used i |side buildi |gs Baits (B) adva |tages/disadva |tages - A |SWER-Adva |tages:
- RTU
- e |tire area does |'t |eed to be covered
- co |trol pests that move i | a |d out Disadva |tages:
- attractive to childre |/pets
- may kill domestic a |imals/wildlife
- pest may prefer the crop or other food to the bait
- odor problems
- biomag |ificatio | Pastes, Gels, a |d other i |jectable baits - A |SWER-Used mostly for a |ts a |d cockroaches Bait gu |s or syri |ges Put i |to the cracks of floors/buildi |gs Adva |tages:
- odorless, |o vapors, low huma | toxicity, last awhile
- applicator exposure is mi |imal
- mi |imize pet exposure
- accurate i | placeme |t/dosage Disadva |tages:
- ca | become co |tami |ated from exposure to other pesticides a |d clea |i |g products
- ca | ru |/drip i | high temps
- stai | porous surfaces, |ot look the best with buildup of bait Gra |ules (G) - A |SWER-Similar to dust formulatio |s, but particles are larger a |d heavier. Ready to use 1-15% active i |gredie |t |eeds freque |t calibratio |s because of humidity Gra |ules (G) adva |tages/disadva |tages - A |SWER-Adva |tages:
- RTU
- low drift hazard
- low applicator hazard
- simple applicatio | equipme |t
- ca | break dow | slower to due slow-release coati |g Disadva |tages:
- Difficult to calibrate equipme |t/apply u |iformly
- will |ot stick to foliage
- may |eed moisture/ to be i |corporated i |to soil or pla |ti |g medium
- ca | be hazardous to |o |-target species like birds
- |ot effective u |der drought Pellets (P or PS) - A |SWER-A dry formulatio | ma |ufactured to be a u |iform product of a specific weight a | d shape. All are u |iform to allow use with precisio | applicatio | equipme |t
mixed with water a |d slow release lo |g Restricted e |try i |tervals Water-soluble packets - A |SWER-dissolvable plastic bags to place wettable powder or soluble powder i | to place directly i |to the ta |k Ta |k mix - A |SWER-A mixture of two or more compatible pesticides i |te |ded for simulta |eous applicatio |. Adjuva |ts - A |SWER-Either premixed i | the pesticide or added to the spray ta |k to improve mixi |g or applicatio | or to e |ha |ce pesticide performa |ce |ot registered by the EPA Have |o pesticidal properties Types of Adjuva |ts - A |SWER-SURFACTA |TS (wetti |g age |ts a |d spreaders) STICKERS EXTE |DERS PLA |T PE |ETRA |TS (e |ha |ces pe |etratio | of pesticides i |to pla |ts) COMPATIBILITY AGE |TS (elimi |ates issues combi |i |g pesticides a |d fertilizers) BUFFERS OR pH MODIFIERS (acidify a |d stabilize water i | the ta |k) DRIFT RETARDA |TS (i |creases droplet size to improve o |-target placeme |t) DEFOAMI |G AGE |TS (elimi |ates foam i | ta |ks) THICKE |ERS (i |creases viscosity to co |trol drift or slow evaporatio |) Surfacta |t - A |SWER-alter surface te |sio | of a spray droplet e |large the area of pesticide coverage, i |creasi |g exposure to the chemical Importa |t for applyi |g to waxy or hairy leaves Stickers - A |SWER-i |creases the adhesio | of solid particles to target surfaces decreases the amou |t of pesticide that washes off duri |g the rai |
Exte |ders - A |SWER-like stickers because they retai | pesticides lo |ger o | the target area Toxicity - A |SWER-Refers to the ability of a pesticide to cause short-term (acute) or lo |g-term (chro |ic) i | jury. A property of the product itself a |d a measure of the pesticides capacity to cause i |jury Hazard - A |SWER-the true co |cer | for the applicator or ha |dler; reflects the pesticides toxicity a |d the likelihood that you will be exposed to the product i | a particular situatio | Toxicity X Exposure How to avoid or reduce hazards - A |SWER-- u |dersta |d what you are usi |g a |d how to use it safely (read the label carefully a |d followi |g i |structio |s)
- applicator attitude Whe | is the most hazardous for applicators? - A |SWER-duri |g the mixi |g a |d loadi |g of the pesticide co |ce |trate co |tact effects - A |SWER-symptoms i |clude ski | irritatio | (itchi |g, bur |i |g, red |ess, rashes, blisters a |d bur | s) Most commo | form of pesticide i |jury Some ca | cause eye irritatio | or i |jury Systemic Effects - A |SWER-Occur primarily whe | exposed to pesticides that target a |imals. Symptoms: |ausea, vomiti |g, diarrhea/stomach cramps headache, dizzi |ess, weak |ess, co |fusio | excessive sweati |g, teari |g, chills or thirst chest pai |s breathi |g difficulties body aches/muscle cramps
Acute Toxicity - A |SWER-The measure of harm (systemic or co |tact) caused by a si |gle, o |e time exposure eve |t. Occur shortly after exposure, withi | 24 hours LD50 - A |SWER-lethal dose (of a toxi |) for 50% of the test populatio | Lower value mea |s it takes less to kill 50% so greater toxicity LC50 - A |SWER-is the co |ce |tratio | of the substa |ce i | air which will cause the death of 50% of the experime |tal a |imals DA |GER/POSIO | - A |SWER-classified as highly toxic (hazard class I) acute oral LD50 of trace > 50mg/kg lethal toxicity could differ based o | oral, dermal or i |halatio | Da |ger - A |SWER-Highly Toxic (Hazard Class I) without crossbo |es because ca | cause acute co |tact i |jury (severe damage to eyes, ski |, or lu |gs) War |i |g - A |SWER-Co |sidered moderately toxic ( Hazard Class II) could be due to systemic toxicity or co |tact Cautio | - A |SWER-Slightly Toxic (Hazard Class III) acute toxicity could be systemic or co |tact co |tact effects: irritatio | of eyes, ski |, or respiratory tract chro |ic toxicity - A |SWER-adverse effects that occur some time after exposure to a toxica |t or after exte | ded exposure to the toxica |t Ex: Ca |cer or i |fertility Delayed Effects - A |SWER-Effects that do |ot appear withi | 24 hours but could delayed weeks, mo |ths, or years
If oral or dermal exposure occurs, the first objective is to _____ - A |SWER-dilute the pesticide a |d preve | t absorptio | (always have a clea | source of water available) If i |halatio | exposure has occurred... - A |SWER-get victim to fresh air immediately Pesticide o | the ski | - A |SWER-- remove all co |tami |ated clothi |g immediately
- wash the affected area with water a |d soap the | ri |se well, avoid scrubbi |g
- dry the affected area a |d loosely wrap it
- if the ski | has chemical bur |s, cover the area with a clea | soft cloth, a |d do |'t use oi |tme |t or medicatio | u |less directed Pesticide i | the eyes - A |SWER-1. Flush with clea | water.
- Co |ti |uously ri |se for 15 mi |utes.
- Flush u |der eyelid.
- Cover with clea | cloth a |d seek immediate medical atte |tio |. I |haled Pesticides - A |SWER-- carry victim to fresh air
- have victim lie dow | a |d loose | clothi |g
- keep victim warm a |d quiet
- if victim is co |vulsi |g, protect head a |d watch breathi |g
- keep perso |s chi | up to e |sure that air passages are ope |
- if breathi |g stops/is irregular give artificial respiratio | Pesticide i | mouth or swallowed - A |SWER-- if just i | the mouth but |ot swallowed, ri |se with water, the | dri |k large amou |ts of water
- if swallowed, decide to i |duce vomiti |g or |ot (i |duce if label i |structs to) |ever i |duce vomiti |g i | a pesticide-poiso |i |g victim if: a. The victim swallowed a | emulsifiable co |ce |trate or oil solutio |.
