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Penn Foster Semester 1 Study
Ethology - answer Signifies the science of character. Evolution - answer Natural process of slow change and development that gradually leads to new species of plants and animals. Species - answer Classification given to a group of animals who can produce young. Classical Ethology - answer Asserts that much of what animals know is instinctive or innate Animal psychology was founded on? - answer Pavlov’s discovery that animals could learn to build novel associations between various stimuli. Behaviorism - answerBehavior is learned rather than genetically programmed. Stimulus Response Theory - answerAll complex forms of behavior, including emotions, thoughts, and habits, are complex muscular and glandular responses that can be observed and measured. Stimulus Responses are... - answerMuscular and glandular responses. Classical Conditioning - answerThe association of stimuli that happens at approximately the same time. Operant Conditioning - answerThe association of an activity with punishment or reward. Sociobiology - answerThe study of the biological basis of social behavior. Instinct - answerAn animals natural and inherent ability to perform such tasks as hunting, feeding, and mating. Positive Reinforcement - answerRefers to any immediate pleasant occurrence used to create desired behavior. Negative Reinforcement - answerRefers to any immediate unpleasant occurrence used to create a desired behavior. Imprinting - answerA rapid learning process that enables the very young to recognize and bond with their caretaker. Sensitive Period - answerPeriod of time when imprinting occurs.
Conditioned Stimulus - answerSensory input unrelated to a simple reflex behavior. Unconditioned Stimulus - answerSensory input that produces a simple reflex behavior. Fixed Action Patterns - answerA term used by early ethologists to describe stereotypical or predictable behaviors of a species. Function - answerSurvival Rate. Naturalist - answerNatural scientists. Nature-Nurture Controversy - answerThe crux of two opposing schools: Classical Ethology and Animal Psychology. Unconditioned Response - answerA simple reflex behavior. Operant - answerFunctioning or tending to produce effect. Charles Darwin - answerRevolutionized much of the study of biology and ethology with his theory of evolution and he believed that animal behavior was generated by instinct. Ivan Pavlov - answerChallenged the notion of animal behavior being purely instinctual. Behaviorism - answerOriginated with American Psychologist John B Watson, who formulated Stimulus Response Theory. Punishment - answerAn unpleasant occurrence used to eliminate an undesirable behavior. Positive Punishment - answerAdding an unpleasant occurrence at the time of a behavior to stop it. Negative Punishment - answerRemoving the desired end result to stop a behavior. When is the animals socialization period? - answerCat is 2-8 weeks Dogs is 4-14 weeks Aggression - answerBehavior bred from an impulse to harm another being. Dance - answerComplex pattern of movements performed by a bee that directs other bee's to food. Habituation - answerThe process of learning that certain objects and events have little bearing on survival and can thus be ignored.
Avoidance Therapy - answerInvolves the use of negative reinforcement to diminish a problem behavior. Environmental Modification - answerA quick and effective way to treat behavior problems. Diazepam - answerUsed for separation anxiety. Three main categories for restraint - answerManual, Mechanical, and Chemical. Manual Restraint - answerUsing your hands to hold the animal. Mechanical Restraint - answerUsing leashes, collars, restraint bags, and poles. Chemical Restraint - answerUsing sedatives, tranquilizers, or anesthetics. Casting Rope - answerA rope used to place an enclosed animal on its side. Cephalic Vein - answerVenipuncture site along the front of the foreleg. Head Snare - answerLarge pole with loop at the end, designed to be pulled out, slipped over an animals head, and quickly tightened. Hobble - answerLeather strap fastened around an animals legs to restrict movement. Jugular Vein - answerVenipuncture site on the front of the neck. Lateral Recumbency - answerAnimal restrained on its side and stretched out. Venipuncture - answerPuncturing the vein to collect blood, administer medication, or pass a catheter. Lead - answerA guide leash, often made of leather or rope, that attaches to a halter and allows you to hold an animal in place or guide it in direction. Muzzle - answerAny device applied around an animals nose and mouth to prevent the animal from biting. Nasal Septum - answerTissue between the nostrils. Nose Lead - answerlarge metal tongs with large ball-shaped ends, designed to hold the heads of cattle in place. Occlude - answerIn venipuncture, to block or hold off a vein by pressing on it with your finger, allowing blood to pool in the vein.
Rope Twitch - answerA device used like a chain twitch, only made of rope. Saphenous Vein - answerVenipuncture site on the surface of the hind leg. Slip Leash - answerA leash of flat or braided nylon with a ring at one end, designed to tighten momentarily, the way a training collar does. Sternum - answerBreast Bone Sternal Recumbency - answerAn animal placed on its sternum at the edge of the table, its forelegs extending off the edge of the table. Tail Jacking - answerUsed to prevent the animal from kicking, lifting the tail in line with the animals spine, to avoid fracturing the vertebrae. Tail Tying - answerTechnique that involves tying an animals tail out of the way for certain procedures. Training Collar - answerStainless-steel links with a ring at each end, forming a dog collar designed to tighten momentarily with a short, firm tug Cat Bag - answerA restraint device designed to enclose a cat's body while providing access to treatment sites Fetal Hold - answerThe technique of grasping a cat by the scruff of the neck Restraint Gloves - answerHeavy gauntlet-type gloves, used to handle cats, typically made of leather too thick for cats to bite through. Acrylic Rodent Restrainer - answerUsed for rat and mouse venipuncture; a clear plastic tube with holes drilled into it that holds a small rodent. Foreceps - answerA tool used for grasping, pulling, compressing, or holding tissue. Foals - answerYoung horses under one year old. Bull Staff - answerRestraint equipment for cattle that consists of a long-handled metal rod with a large hook at one end that clips to the nose ring, helping to restrain the head. Cattle Chute - answerA cattle examination area large enough to hold one animal, often with poles for cross-tying and an opening to hold its head in place. Chain Shank - answerA long leather lead or rope with about a two-foot length of chain and a snap hook at one end, used to distract a horse.
Gastrointestinal System - answerAlso known as the digestive system, extends from the mouth to the anus, and responsible for digestion and elimination. Urinary System - answerKidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Reproductive System - answerReproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes). Musculoskeletal System - answerThe bones and voluntary muscles of the body. Central Nervous System - answerBrain and spinal cord. Intervertebral Disk Disease - answerDeteriorated cushions between the vertebrae. Alopecia - answerHair loss. Bilateral - answerBoth sides. Caudal - answerToward the tail. Comedones - answerAlso called blackheads; masses of sebum trapped in the hair follicles. Cranial - answerToward the head. Dorsal - answerToward the back. Erythroderma - answerRedness of the skin. Papule - answerSmall, solid, raised lesion on surface of the skin. Papillae - answerA pimple-like structure that can be found in the ear canal, choana, etc. Nares - answerNostrils. Medial - answerToward the middle. Jugular Venipuncture - answerThe taking of a blood sample from the jugular vein of an animal. Ventral - answerToward the front. Tympanic Membrane - answerCovers the ear drum. Thoracic Area - answerThe chest cavity of an animal.
Symmetrical - answerEven in size and shape. Seizure - answerA sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time Rales - answerCrackles; wet crackling noise in lungs. Radiographs - answerX-Rays. Choana - answerSlit like opening on the roof of the mouth on a bird. Elizabethan Collar - answerA circular plastic shield, resembling a lampshade, that encircles the neck and extends to the end of the muzzle. The collar prevents the animal from chewing at its bandages. Neuro Hammer - answerAn examination instrument used by the veterinarian to check an animal's reflexes. Keel - answerThe breastbone of a bird Scruffing - answerGrasping the skin at the back of the neck Mouth Gag - answerA wedge-shaped structure that prevents a horse from biting down while someone is examining or treating its mouth Heart Girth Tape - answerA flexible tape measuring device that weighs a horse by measuring its girth just behind the elbow in its heart area Hog Snare - answerA pole with a loop of cable at the end that can be tightened over a pig's snout Dog: Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration - answerTemp:99.5-102. Pulse:(young) 110-120 (adult) 60- Respiration:(young) 20-25 (adult) 14- Cat: Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration - answerTemp:100.5-102. Pulse:(young) 130-140 (adult) 100- Respiration:(young) 20-30 (adult) 20- Horse: Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration - answerTemp:99- Pulse:(young) 60-80 (adult) 30- Respiration:(young) 14-15 (adult) 9- Cow: Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration - answerTemp:100- Pulse:(young) 100-150 (adult) 40- Respiration:(young) 30-60 (adult) 12-
Conjunctive - answerThe membrane that covers the eyeball and the insides of the eyelids Sclera - answerWhite part of the eye Cornea - answerThe clear tissue that covers the front of the eye Perfuse - answerTo pump; in the animal, the body's ability to pump blood Ophyhalmoscope - answerInstrument to visualize the interior chamber of the eye Otoscope - answerInstrument for examining the ear Hippocrates - answerFather of medicine Uterus - answerFemale organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus. Biology - answerThe study of life Organisms - answerComposed of cells called genes Genes - answerDNA inherited from a parent through reproduction Cell - answerThe basic unit of structure and function in living things Multicellular Organisms - answerCells form specialized tissues, organs, and organ systems Natural Selection - answerA natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. Taxonomy - answerThe scientific study of how living things are classified Binominal - answerTwo-word naming system that gives all organisms their scientific name Three Standard Domains - answerArchaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya Organic Chemistry - answerThe study of all chemicals containing carbon Hydrocarbons - answerCompounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids - answerKnown as biological molecules and are based on carbon atoms Monosaccharides - answerSingle sugar molecules
Disaccharides - answerComposed of two monosaccharides that are bonded together Polysaccharides - answerCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides Lipids - answerEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Saturated Fatty Acids - answerHave the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds Unsaturated Fats - answerA fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. Phospholipids - answerA molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. Keratin - answerHair and fingernails Collagen - answerSkin and tendons Enzymes - answerMetabolism Hemoglobin - answerRed blood cells; transports oxygen Antibodies - answerDisease protection Hormones - answerCommunications of cells; glucose Actin and Myosin - answerMuscle cells contract and relax Peptide Bond - answerFormed when an amino group bonds covalently to a carboxyl group Peptide - answerMade of two or more amino acids joined together by covalent bonds Polypeptide - answerMolecule that consists of many amino acids connected by peptide bonds Covalent Bonding - answerOccurs when each of two atoms has an unpaired electron in its outer electron shell Ionic Bonding - answerOccurs when atoms either donate or accept electrons from another atom
Nonvascular Plants - answerPlants that have no vascular tissue, instead they use rhizoids for absorbing water and solutes Vascular Plants - answerPlants with roots, stems, and leaves Fungi - answerNon-green, heterotrophic organisms that grow in dark, moist habitats Invertebrates - answerAnimals without backbones Sponges - answerMulticellular animals that do not display any type of symmetry, organized tissue, or organs Hominids - answerMammals that have an anatomy suitable for standing erect and walking on two feet Xylem - answerVascular tissue of a plant that conducts water and dissolves minerals through the plant body Phloem - answerVascular tissue of a plant that conducts sugars and other solutes throughout the plant Perennial Plants - answerPlants that can outlast winter because their roots can survive to produce new shoots in the spring Auxin - answerA plant hormone that soften cell walls to allow growth Stamen - answerMale reproductive part of a flower Tissues - answerGroups of similar cells performing particular functions, like motility or respiration Platelets - answerFragments of larger cells that are present only in bone marrow; assist with the clotting process Red Blood Cells - answerTransport oxygen for aerobic respiration and carry away some of the carbon dioxide wastes White Blood Cells - answerPatrol tissue and engulf damaged or dead cells and anything recognized as foreign to the body Respiration - answerThe process by which animals move oxygen into blood and rid the body of accumulated carbon dioxide wastes Inhalation - answerThe active process in which air enters the lungs
Pharynx - answerShort, wide space that serves as a common passage way for both food and air Nutrition - answerThe process by which food is obtained, prepared, absorbed, and converted into body substances Spleen - answerOrgan about the size of a fist, filters impurities from the blood and recycles aging red blood cells Neutrophils - answerMost abundant type of white blood cell; ingests, kills, and digests bacterial cells Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - answerConsists of nerves and carries signals from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body Synapse - answerThe zone where the terminal of one neuron meets the dendrites of another neuron Photoreceptors - answerSensory receptors that are light sensitive Cutaneous Receptors - answerReceptors located in the skin that register temperature and pressure Asexual Reproduction - answerProcess that requires only one parent and results in two genetically identical organisms Sexual Reproduction - answerProcess that involves the uniting of eggs and sperm from two different individuals to form a zygote Ecology - answerScientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment Carrying Capacity - answerThe number of people our planet can sustain over an indefinite period Population Size - answerThe number of individuals that contribute to a populations gene pool Population Density - answerThe number of individuals in some specified area of habitat Population Distribution - answerThe general pattern of dispersal of individuals in a specified area Exponential Growth - answerOccurs when the reproduction base of a population increases and its size expands by ever-increasing increments
