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Pathology - Forensic Science - Lecture Notes, Study notes of Forensics

Chennai Mathematical InstituteForensics

Forensic science (often shortened to forensics) is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences and technologies to investigate and establish facts of interest in relation to criminal or civil law. This lecture includes: Pathology, Few General Things, Corpus Delicti, Body of the Crime, Source of Evidence, Sex, Money, Facets of Guilt, Degree Murder, Murder Charges

Typology: Study notes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 02/01/2013

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Pathology
Unit 3
A few general things
CORPUS DELICTI“ Body of the Crime”
You must prove:
___________________________________________________________
that the person charged with the crime was responsible for the crime
Top Reasons for Committing a Crime
Money
_______________________
Sex
Emotion--love, hate, anger
Source of Evidence
__________________________
Primary and/or Secondary Crime Scene
Suspect(s)
Facets of Guilt
______________________--the ability of have committed the crime
Motive--the reason for committing the crime. (This doesn’t have to be proven or presented in a court of law, but its what everyone wants
to know.)
Opportunity--time or availability to have committed the crime.
Murder Charges
1st Degree Murder--premeditated
2nd Degree Murder--killed intentionally, but not thought out as much ahead of time
Voluntary Manslaughter--
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Involuntary Manslaughter (criminally negligent homicide)--killed someone, but unintentionally
Evidence Types
Class--common to a group of objects or persons
ABO Blood Typing
Individual--_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Blood DNA Typing
Forensic Pathology
Involves the study of medicine as it relates to law.
Involves the investigation of ______________________________________________________________________________________
What warrants an autopsy?
Questionable Death-_________________________________________________________
Homicide
Drowning
Auto Accidents
Death of a child
Benefits of an autopsy
Discover cause of death for:
Criminal cases
Family peace of mind
Genetic disease or deformity
Insurance claims
Medical advancement
Medical Examiner vs. Coroner---Is there a difference?
Yes
A medical examiner is a forensic pathologist (MD)who conducts autopsies to determine the cause and manner of death. (Occasionally,
they also examine injured victims that are still living)
Coroners are _________________________________ usually without a medical degree. They usually rely on someone trained in
pathology
Cause and Manner of Death
Medical examiners determine both the cause and the manner of death.
Cause---_____________________________________________________________________________
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Pathology Unit 3 A few general things CORPUS DELICTI“ Body of the Crime” You must prove:

that the person charged with the crime was responsible for the crime Top Reasons for Committing a Crime Money

Sex Emotion--love, hate, anger Source of Evidence

Primary and/or Secondary Crime Scene Suspect(s) Facets of Guilt ______________________--the ability of have committed the crime Motive--the reason for committing the crime. (This doesn’t have to be proven or presented in a court of law, but its what everyone wants to know.) Opportunity--time or availability to have committed the crime. Murder Charges 1st Degree Murder--premeditated 2nd Degree Murder--killed intentionally, but not thought out as much ahead of time Voluntary Manslaughter--

Involuntary Manslaughter (criminally negligent homicide)--killed someone, but unintentionally Evidence Types Class--common to a group of objects or persons ABO Blood Typing Individual--_______________________________________________________________________________________________ Blood DNA Typing Forensic Pathology Involves the study of medicine as it relates to law. Involves the investigation of ______________________________________________________________________________________ What warrants an autopsy? Questionable Death-_________________________________________________________ Homicide Drowning Auto Accidents Death of a child Benefits of an autopsy Discover cause of death for: Criminal cases Family peace of mind Genetic disease or deformity Insurance claims Medical advancement Medical Examiner vs. Coroner---Is there a difference? Yes A medical examiner is a forensic pathologist (MD)who conducts autopsies to determine the cause and manner of death. (Occasionally, they also examine injured victims that are still living) Coroners are _________________________________ usually without a medical degree. They usually rely on someone trained in pathology Cause and Manner of Death Medical examiners determine both the cause and the manner of death. Cause---_____________________________________________________________________________

Manner---how the death was accomplished If a person was strangled to death Cause—asphyxiation Manner---homicide Manners of Death Homicide

Accidental Undetermined After Death After death a body goes through a series of changes Algor Mortis The gradual cooling of the body after death. ___________________________________________________ The body cools at a rate of approximate 1.5 degrees per hour until it reaches environmental temperature. The body will still feel warm until about __________________________________________________ Influenced by various factors like size location, clothing, and weather conditions Temperature change If the body continues undiscovered for days it will enter a “bloated” state. Bacteria release gases inside the body in a process called___________________________________. The body becomes very hot during this time (up to 127 degrees) Eventually the body will crack and release the gases. The temperature will then __________________________________________ Rigor Mortis The stiffening of the body in response to a lack of oxygen being pumped to muscle cells Helps to establish TOD Begins about 4 hours after death and is completely set within ______________________________________ Begins in the eyelids and lower jaw and spreads down the body. Disappears about 36 hours post mortem Happens more quickly if ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Livor Mortis Often called _____________________ Refers to the discoloration of the skin due to the gravitational pooling of blood in small blood vessels Appears in the part closest to the ground Is fixed about 6 to 8 hours after death (will not continue to change) How is this useful? Establishing Time of Death Algor Mortis

Insect activity Vitreous Humor testing Vitreous Humor Testing Also known as ocular fluid After death the cells inside the eye release _________________________________________________________ By removing some fluid and analyzing it for potassium a time of death can be calculated The Autopsy Autopsy Before the autopsy begins, the body is examined for physical evidence Conditional: lividity, rigor, odors, insects, location, position, and clothing Pattern: bite marks, imprints, impressions, weapon marks, injuries Biological: grass, leaves, pollen, insects, worms Chemical: drugs, poisons, gunshot residue, perfumes, makeup, soil, glass Physiological: __________________________________________________________________________________ Autopsy The body is first weighed and measured The body is photographed and x-rayed It is then inspected with an alternate light source for stains Notes are made regarding usual features like _________________________________________________________