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SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL WORK
(THIRD EDITION)
Thelma Lee Mendoza Published by: Central Book Supply Inc.
Chapter One
SOCIAL WELFARE An organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health, and personal and social relationship which permit them to develop their full capacities and to promote their well- being. (FRIEDLANDER)
Includes those laws, programs, benefits and services which assure or strengthen provision for meeting social needs recognized as basic to the well-being of the population (Elizabeth Wickenden)
Includes all those forms of social interventions that have a primary and direct concern with promoting both the well- being of the individual and the society as a whole. It includes the treatment and prevention of social problems, the development of human resources, and the improvement of the quality of life (Romanyshyn)
“An organized concern of all people for all people” (Gertrude Wilson)
It encompasses the well-being of all members of the society including physical, mental, emotional, social, economic and spiritual being.
Society responds to unmet needs through the following:
- Individual and group effort
- Major societal institution which have their designated roles and responsibilities for meeting human needs – Shared Responsibilities
- Social Agency TWO VIEWS OR CONCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE
- Residual formulations – conceives of the social welfare structure as temporary, offered during emergency situation and withdrawn when the regular social system. 2. Institutional formulations - sees social welfare as proper, legitimate function of modern society. THREE CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAM
- Social Security – compulsory measures instituted to protect the individual and his family against the consequences of an unavoidable interruption.
- Personal Social Services – service function which has bearing on personal problems, individual
situation of stress, interpersonal helping or helping people in need.
- Public Assistance – refers to concrete aids/ materials supports provided usually by Government agency.
SOCIAL SERVICES
Refers to the programs, services and other activities provided under various auspices, to concretely answer the needs and problems of the members of the society.
Concrete demonstration of social welfare or concern for the well-being of human society.
According to Richard M. Titmus, social problems are basically located in the economy. He considers social services as partial compensation for the “SOCIALLY GENERATED DISSERVICES AND SOCIALLY CAUSED DISWELFARE”
THREE GOALS OF SOCIAL WELFARE:
- Humanitarian and Social Justice Goal - democratic ideal of social justice. This goal involves the identification of the most afflicted, the most dependent, the most neglected and those that least able to help themselves, and making them the priority target for the investment of scarce resources.
- Social Control Goal - This is based on the recognition that needy, deprived or disadvantaged groups in a society are capable of striking out, individually or collectively, against what they consider to be an alienating or offending party. Therefore society has to secure itself against threats to life, property, and political stability in the community posed by those who are deprived of resources and opportunities to achieve a satisfying life.
- Economic Development Goal - This gives priority to those programs designed to support increases in the production of goods and services and other resources that will contribute to economic development. The immediate beneficiaries -- able bodied, relatively better-off members of the community.
SOCIAL WORK
A profession which is concerned with man’s adjustment in his environment; a person in relation to a person’s social situation.
Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singly, and in groups, by activities focused upon their social relationship which constitute the interaction between man and his environment. These activities can be grouped into three functions: (^1) restoration of impaired capacity 2 provision of individual and social resources 3 prevention of social dysfunction
(US Council on SW Education)
Social Work in its various forms addresses the multiple complex transactions between people and their environment. (IASSW and IFSW)
SOCIAL FUNCTIONING PROBLEMS ARE CAUSED
BY:
- Personal inadequacies o sometimes pathologies which may make it difficult for a man to cope with the demands of his environment.
- Situational inadequacies and other conditions which are beyond man’s coping capacities.
- Both personal and situational inadequacies.
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS and SOCIAL JUSTICE are fundamental to social work
Chapter Two
THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD Social Welfare work in those times centered on mutual protection and economic survival. THE SPANISH PERIOD During the Spanish Period the Spaniards brought the teaching “to do good to others for the salvation of their souls” 1565 – Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first hospital in Cebu. 1882 – Hospicio de San Jose was founded to house the aged and the orphans. 1885 – Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls was established The American Period 1899 – American introduced the new educational system, new health methods and religious freedom. 1900 – Phil. Normal School 1902 – Insular Board 1905 – American Red Cross, Philippine Chapter 1907 – La Gota de Leche 1910 – Phil. Anti – TB Society 1913 – Associacion de Damas Filipinas February 5, 1915 – PWB ( Public Welfare Board) January 1917 - Associated Charities of Manila 1921 – Office of Public welfare Commissioner 1922 - Office of Public welfare Commissioner prepared solicitation forms 1924 – Associated Charities became independent agency 1933 - Scholarship grants for professional training for Social Work Josefa Jara Martinez She worked on the Public Welfare Board and introduced the scientific approach in Social Work. Commonwealth Period
1940 – Department of Health and Public Assistance Service took over the activities that used to be performed by the Associated Charities before it had ceased to exist. Japanese Occupation Social Welfare activities during this period consisted mainly of giving medical care and treatment, as well as food and clothing, to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and civilians. Prominent among volunteer organizations are Philippine Red cross, Young Women’s Christian Association, and National Federation of Women’s League. The Post War Year 1946 – Bureau of Public Welfare re- opened. 1946 – UNICEF was created. October 4, 1947 – the Bureau of Public Welfare became the Social Welfare Commission and was placed under the Office of the President. August 1948 – PACSA was created by Pres. Quirino. 1948 – UNICEF became active in the Phil. January 3, 1951 – SWC and PACSA was fused in only one agency which is Social Welfare Administration. The Seventies Sept. 8, 1976 – Department of Social Welfare became the Department of Social Services and Development. June 2, 1978 – Ministry of Social services and Development. The Eighties
- Case Management was Launched. Jan. 30, 1987 – MSSD became DSWD under E.O No. 123, signed by Pres. Cory Aquino Nineties Oct. 10 1991- R.A 7160 “Local Government Code” was passed. R.A 4373 Social Work Law 1965 No Social Welfare Agency shall operate and be accredited unless it shall first have registered with the Social Welfare Administration which shall issue the corresponding Certificate of Registration.
R.A 5416 1968 Empowers the Department to:
- Set standards and policies to insure effective implementation of public and private social welfare programs
- Accredit public and private institutions and organizations engaged in social welfare activity including licensing consultative services to them.
- Coordinate government and voluntary efforts in social welfare work to avoid duplication, friction overlapping of responsibility in social services.
DSWD VISION “a society where the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged individuals , families, and communities are empowered for an improve quality of life”
DSWD MISSION
RA 8425 SOCIAL REFORMS AND
POVERTY ALLEVIATION ACT
OF 1997
SOME GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS
OWWA
The agency offers both local as well as overseas programs and services for Filipino contract workers and their dependents in keeping with the provisions of the Labor Code.
National Housing Authority (NHA) Created under Presidential Decree No. 757 in 1975. It’s mandate is to develop and implement a comprehensive and integrated housing program in the country. Focused in providing housing assistance to the lower 30% of the urban population. The NHA also provides technical and other forms of assistance to local government units in implementing their urban development and social housing programs.
Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) Under the DOJ and used to be known as the Citizen’s Legal Assistance Office (CLAO). It represents, free of charge, indigent persons or the immediate members of their families, in all civil , administrative, and criminal cases where, after due investigation, and the interest of justice will be served.
Some Private Social Welfare Agencies and Organizations Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP) A private, non-profit organization established on December 16,1970, to serve as private enterprises’ implementing arm for social development. Its current priorities are indigenous peoples, small lowland farmers, small upland farmers, sustenance fisher folks, landless rural workers, and the urban poor.
SOS Children’s Village A private child caring agency founded by Dr. Hermann Gmeiner in Austria after World War II. Outside of adoption, it is the only agency which implements Alternative Parental Care formulating a purposely planned long-term care orphaned and abandoned Filipino children.
Women’s Crisis Center (WCC) This agency was established to pursue the following goals: Establishment of holistic feminist services for victims/ survivors of all forms of violence against women.
Elimination of all forms of violence against women through the formation of women’s communities, supporting initiatives and encouraging partnership. Change and transformation of existing values and attitudes that breed violence against women through the application of feminist principles. MAJOR PROGRAMS: o Crisis Intervention o Feminist Counseling (face-to-face and hotline) o medical assistance and advocacy o legal assistance and advocacy o temporary shelter o survivor’s support group o education and advocacy o training and education o research o documentation and publication o consultancy services
HAVEN, a hospital-based crisis center for women survivors of a violent environment and also coordinates with NGOs all over the country in efforts to prevent and eliminate family violence.
Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse (CPTCSA) Established to help children, and their families, who are victims of sexual abuse. It offers them protective services, prevention and treatment services, training, research and advocacy, post-rehabilitation, educational and medical assistance, housing, legal assistance, and technical training.
Tribal Development Foundation in the Philippines This agency addresses the needs of tribal communities in different parts of the country. Its services include: skills development and livelihood projects, tribal leadership training, educational assistance and adult literacy.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL WORK
PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Associated Charities
- mother of the social work profession in the Philippines
- First to use casework as a method of helping people.
- First to use social workers a a full time and paid employees
- First to hire a trained social worker as executive secretary (Josefa Jara Martinez)
- (Josefa Jara Martinez) introduced new CONCEPT IN CHILD WELFARE WORK at Office of Public Welfare Commissioner
- President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) established by Pre. Quirino
- PACSA is a community development agency to help with the problem of social unrest in the country side, 1948.
- Philippine School of Social Work was established in June 1950, offering a 1 year degree program called Master of Arts in Social Administration
- First director of PSSW is Mrs. Jara Martinez
- RA 4373, June 19, 1965
THE PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORERS – PASWI
- National organization for professional social workers in the country
- Founded on November 12, 1947
- It was incorporated on April 18, 1948 and re- incorporated with the security and exchange commission on October 18, 1988
- MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SOCIAL WORKER RA 9433, APRIL 11, 2007 The Association’s objectives:
- Promote and maintain a professional standard of social work practice
- Strengthen the competence of members through the provision of opportunities for their continuing professional growth and development.
- Work for the better understanding, acceptance and recognition of social work as a profession.
- Initiate and work for social legislation in social welfare and development through effective action.
- Expand professional activities of the association through the organization of local chapters and development of linkages with international organization devoted to human services.
Chapter Three SOCIAL FUNCTIONING: SOCIAL WORK’S FOCUS OF CONCERN
Wernes Boehm
- Social work seek to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singularly and in groups by activities focused upon their social relationship which constitute interaction between individuals and their environment. William Schwartz
- SW profession mediates the process through which the individual or society reach out to each other through mutual need for self-fulfillment.
- Symbiotic means relationship between people and their nurturing group
- the Social Worker’s Field of intervention lies at the point where two forces meet: the individuals
impetus towards health, growth and belonging, and organized efforts of society to integrate its parts into a productive and dynamic whole.
William Gordon
- PERSON IN HIS LIFE SITUATION COMPLEX – a simultaneous dual focus on man and his environment. This focus has been concentrated at same times on the side of the organism as interpreted by psychological theory and at other times on the side of environment as interpreted by sociological and economic theory. Harriet Barlett
- Social functioning is the relation between the coping activity of people and the demand from the environment. Louise C. Johnson
- Social workers become involved when individuals are having difficulty in a relationship with other people: in growing so as to maximize their potential and in meeting the demands of the environment. He described this situation as “people coping” and “environmental demand”.
Social Role – socially recognized pattern of behaviors and activities expected from an individual occupying a certain position in society.
THREE WAYS OF SOCIAL WORKERS TO IMPROVE SOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF INDIVIDUAL
- Change strategies directed towards the individual if personal inadequacies or sometimes pathologies make it difficult for the individual to cope with the demands of his situation or environment.
- Change strategies directed toward the environment if it is latter that is beset with inadequacies or if the situation is such as to be beyond the coping capacities of the individual.
- Change strategies directed towards both the individuals and the environment.
THE FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK
- REHABILITATIVE FUNCTION - tries to put back the person to a normal of healthy sate of social functioning. Curative aspect – seeks to remove factors which have caused the breakdown in the person’s social function.
- PREVENTIVE FUNCTION – early discovery, control and elimination of those conditions or situations which may have harmful effect on social functioning.
- DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION - both to help the individual make maximum use of his own potentials and capacities as well as to further the
- Social, men aspire to live on good terms with others to be part of and to contribute to group life, making personal goals subservient to group goals.
- Asocial, they are discreet (unnoticeable) individuals who came together to form groups for their mutual protection and safety.
- Anti-social, self-seeking egotistical out to extend personal gain at the expense of others 3. Democracy’s view of Man
- man viewed as capable of reason of rational analysis and choice
DOMINANT VALUES OF FILIPINO
1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE – defines as being taken by one’s fellows for what one is, or believes he is and being treated in accordance with his status. a. Smooth Interpersonal Relation S.I.R 1. Pakikisama which means giving in concession or following the lead of suggestion of another. 2. Euphemism means stating of an unpleasant truth, opinion, or request as pleasantly as possible. 3. Go Between or tulay means 3rd party who will carry a message b. Amor Propio is a term used to refer to the sensitivity to personal affront and functions to protect the individual against loss of social acceptance. Hiya is fear of exposure of one’s insecure self. 2. Emotional Closeness and Security in a Family
- This value is believed to be facilitated through the following: sacrificing individual interest for the good of the family, parental striving to give their children an education even at great cost to themselves older 3. Authority Value
- Belief that families will remain close if someone exerts firm authority, and that such person must be respected and obeyed.
- Closely relate to the authority value is the respect for traditions and rituals no matter how impractical they have become. 4. Personalism
- Attaches major importance to personal factors which guarantees intimacy, warmth, and security of kinship and friends in getting things done.
- E.g tiwala, kakilala, walang pakialam 5. Utang na Loob
- Debt of gratitude
- It is granted when a transfer of goods or service takes place between individuals belonging to two different groups
- Returning the favor “with interest” 6. Patience, Suffering and Endurance
- A person must suffer before he can gain happiness, and related to it is that which many still believe, that women, particularly must suffer in silence.
Seven Principles of the Social Work Relationship Felix Biestek PURPOSEFUL EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS
- Recognition of the client’s need to express feelings freely
- Worker listens purposefully
- Worker neither discourages nor condemns the expression of feelings
- Sometimes worker actively stimulates and encourages expression of feelings CONTROLLED EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT
- The worker is sensitive to the client’s feelings
- Makes effort to understand their meaning
- A purposeful, appropriate use of the worker’s emotions in response to the client’s feelings
- Controlled and objective emotional involvement in the client’s problem
- Controlled emotional involvement in the client as a person ACCEPTANCE
- The recognition of client’s innate dignity, worth, equality, basic rights, and needs
- Regardless of client’s individual qualities arising from heredity, environment, behavior, or any other source.
- Acceptance does not mean approval of the client’s behavior, attitudes, or standards
- Acceptance includes thought and feeling elements, and is expressed primarily in the manner of service. INDIVIDUALIZATION
- The recognition and understanding of each client’s unique qualities
- Differential use of principles and methods to assist client toward change
- Individualization is based on the right of human beings to be individuals
- Right to be treated not just a human being but as this human being with these personal differences. NON-JUDGEMENTAL ATTITUDE
- Based on the conviction that the helping process precludes:
- assigning guilt or innocence
- degree of client responsibility for causation of the problems or needs
- Does include making evaluative judgments about the attitudes, standards, or actions of the client CLIENT SELF-DETERMINATION
- Based upon the right of the individual to make their own choices and decisions
- The client has a right and a need, within certain limitations, to have freedom in making their own decisions/choices
- Worker has a duty to respect that right, in theory and in practice - refrains from any direct or indirect interference - positively helps the client to exercise that right. CONFIDENTIALITY
- The protection of secret/private information disclosed in the professional relationship
- Confidentiality is a basic right of the client
- An ethical obligation of the worker
- Necessary for effective helping
- The client’s right, however, is not absolute
- The client’s information is often shared with other professional persons within the agency and in other agencies
- Written permission is required to divulge information to other agencies Two concepts that sw’ers usually experienced when dealing with clients Ambivalence
- Conflicts between two opposing tendencies within oneself are manifested in day to day experiences of social workers
- Mixed feelings Transference
- Client unconsciously transfer to the social worker attributes or characteristics of some important or powerful persons in his early life. Counter transference
- Worker’s unconscious response to the client’s unconscious transference. ETHICS
- The science that treats of morals and right conduct PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
- System of ethical principles and rights of conduct generally accepted by the members of a professional group, based on philosophy, values, guiding principle of that profession. It has two aspect:
- Profession’s code of ethics which is written expression of some of these principles and rules of conduct for the guidance of professional group.
- Unwritten principles and rules of conduct
PASWI CODE OF ETHICS
- Believing in the inherent worth and dignity of all person emanating from a supreme being who directs our actions of love for one another.
- Believing that every human being has natural and social rights capacities and responsibilities to develop his full potential as a human being. 3. Believing in the human being’s capacity to change and recognize the value of unity in diversity, individual differences and pluralism in society. 4. Believing in free men and women living in a free society where poverty, in all forms, is neither a fate nor a punishment but is a condition that can and must be change. 5. Believing in the family as a basic unit of society and its vital role in the growth and development of the individual, the family system and the community. 6. Believing that the government, the private sector and the public have a joint responsibility to promote social justice and to ensure the political, economic and social well-being of all people. 7. Believing in the role of social workers as agents and advocates of change and in the promotion of professionalism, responsibility and accountability. 8. Believing that our professional practice is deeply rooted in our cultural values. Standards of ethical conduct:
A. Relative to Self and the Profession
To conduct myself in a manner consistent with the philosophy, principles, values and beliefs of the social work profession.
To act at all times with honesty, openness and transparency in all my professional transactions.
To constantly work towards my own professional advancement so as to contribute to the promotion of social work practice
To contribute time and professional expertise to activities that promotes respects for the integrity and competence of social workers.
To contribute time and professional practice wisdom to colleagues and other professionals
To be vigilant and act to prevent the unauthorized and unqualified practice of social work.
To support the professional association duly organizes and constituted for the professional welfare of all social workers
To respond and volunteer my professional services in times of emergency.
To uphold and protect the dignity and integrity of the profession
To promote cultural values that will enhance the practice of the social work profession
obligation and constraining...” “…All social life seems to me based on genuine morality, whose core is obligation, and whose condition for existence is choice, and so freedom to choose.”
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 1967 National Workshop on social Work Education resulted to: o Dictated that schools teach social work methods based on generics approach o Develop skills based on generic aspects of the methods used by social worker Integrated method of Social Work Practice US = Generalist Social Approach PH Against the separation of Methods (Casework, Group Work, Community Organization): Herbert Bisno, Comptom and Galaway Herbert Bisno – the inclusion of a quantitative attribute of the potential transaction unit in the designation of the method has led to an illicit bond between a given method and a given, but arbitrary restricted and limiting client system. Bisno’s 9 Social work method
- Adversary
- Conciliatory
- Developmental
- Facilitative-Instrumental
- Knowledge Development & Testing
- Restorative
- Rule-Implementing
- Rule making Comptom and Galaway- the traditional model encourages the dichotomous thinking that: o Community Organizer will work to produce community change, the case worker to produce individual change, and the group worker either depending on the nature of the groups, instead on maintaining the primary focus of SW intervention in the person-situation interaction. o Has led to the training of specialists in each of these methods who tend to see the problems of their clients in terms of their own methodological preference, rather than in terms of ta complete assessment of the client situation interaction. Micro Approaches- focus on the individual Macro Approaches- directed towards community or larger social systems Filipino clients are multi-problem clients The essentials elements in SW practice are: o Client PERSON o Worker PLACE o Problem PROBLEM
o Process PROCESS PLANNED CHANGE- a change originating from decision to make a deliberate effort to improve the system and to obtain the help of an outside agent in making this improvement. Client System (CS)- System that is being helped Outside Agent- professional Agent Problem- or situation assessed is the reason of entry of the change agent Process- or the development of the helping relationship. It consists 7 phases. Change Force- increases the willingness of the CS for change Resistance Force-reduces the willingness of CS for change
Chapter Five
Alfred Kadushin
- Knowledge base of social work is a comprehensive topic which encompasses the facts and theories, skills and attitudes, necessary for effective, efficient practice. **Three Areas of Social Work Knowledge
- SWPPS**
- Is concerned with the organization, administration and operation of social welfare programs and services which are established in the society in order to meet human needs and problems, the development of these undertake them, and the nature of needs being served by these programs.
OUTLINE OF THE SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED FOR THIS AREA FRAMEWORK
- Society responds to a variety of human needs and problems through the institution of social welfare. CONCEPT OF NEED
- Universality of need
- Material
- Non-material CONCEPT OF PROBLEM
- Problem as manifest need
- Problem as person-centered
- Problem as universal ad yet singular
- Problem as cause and consequences
- Problem as institutional lack or dysfunction in society’s institution for meeting needs
- Problem as challenge and opportunity
- Problem as requiring solution in the form of social welfare services
- Problem as requiring social work help CONCEPT OF PROVISION
- Individual and group effort
- Major societal institutions and their role and responsibilities for human needs
- Social agency as provision for helping people with their problems; as an integral part of a community institutionalized network of services to the people MOTIVATION FOR SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS AND SERVICES
- Social justice
- Social control
- Economic development
- Human values and norms which shape policies and services SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS AND SERVICES
- Historical and current forces which contribute to social problems and generate social policies
- Source of policies
- Policy – formulation, implementation and improvement inter-related processes; competencies and skills needed for effective participation.
- Ways and means by which policies are translated into programs and services.
- Setting priority targets for investment of resources
- Assessing and evaluating effectiveness as well as deficiencies or inadequacies of programs and services in meeting needs and problems. 2. HBSE
- Is concerned with the material necessary for understanding the client in his problem situation, the dynamic of individual and group behavior, and of group and community process which affect or influence of the individual, the group and community process.
- It is also concerned with content about normal and deviant behavior.
- Understanding of individual and collective behavior
- Critically assess the state of theory and knowledge about man and his social environment.
- **3 ASPECT OF INNER STATE
- Cognitive
- Emotional
- Conative/ striving/ tendency to do actively**
- ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL FORCE/SOCIAL COMPONENTS
- Societal - social patterns
- Institutional - organizational arrangement
- Status – characteristics and position in the society
- Normative – forms in which social behavior are expressed and the social rules that these forms.
- Interactive – type of interaction and perception of interaction made of self and others that are basis of behavior.
- 2 types of physical environment a. Natural b. Constructed
- The biological, psychological, physical, social and cultural determinants of human behavior can be group into internal/ nature and external/ nurture factors.
- According to Compton and Galaway : interpenetration, interaction and transaction of the self and the outside world 3. Social Work Methods
- Is concerned with the actual process by which the social worker helps the client – an individual, group, or community, the methods and techniques of helping, the resources necessary for helping, as well as the appropriate attitudes that facilitate the helping process. PHILOSOPHY: human worth and dignity VALUES: self-realization social responsibility, equal opportunities ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE: client, problem, worker, process.
Chapter Six THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
- Client
- Worker
- Problem
- Process Planned Change
- Change originating from a decision to make a deliberate effort to improve the system and to obtain the help of an outside agent in making this improvements Client System
- Specific system that is being helped. Outside agent in planned change is called “Professional change agent” who works with particular client system.
PHASES OF PLANNED CHANGE
PHASE 1: client system discovers the need for help PHASE 2: helping relationship is established and define PHASE 3: problem is identified and clarified PHASE 4: change goals/ intention is established PHASE 5: change effort is attempted PHASE 6: change is generalized ad stabilized PHASE 7: H-R ends
DYNAMICS OF PLANNED CHANGE Change Force- aspect of the situation which increases the willingness of the c-s to make a propose change Resistance Force- aspect of the situation which reduces the willingness of the client system to change
Chapter Seven
c. Strive to evaluate herself and her on values by looking at the origin d. Strive to change those values that need to be changed
2. AUTHORITY/PROFESSIONAL AUTHORITY/POWER Position or functions in the agency; and professional knowledge and experience 3. COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION Accountability and responsibility to Clients and others Naomi I. Brill – recognizing the worker’s value system defines her behavior and relationships with other people, believes that the effective worker must:
- Be aware that she is a walking system of values
- Be conscious of what these biases are
- Strive to evaluate herself and her values objectively and rationally
- Strive to change those values that, on the basis of this evaluation, need changing
AUTHORITY (and the power that accompanies it) 0 there are 2 sources of a worker’s authority – her position and corresponding functions in the agency, and her possession of knowledge and experience. o GODSTEIN points out that is SW relationships, when one seeks something from another person “that cannot be obtained elsewhere – the relationship cannot be equalized.
COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION – to bind or pledge one’s self to relationship; to obligate one’s self is to perform the moral responsibility that goes with a pledge or a promise made
HELPING CONTRACT is frequently used in reference to the expectations and terms of the commitments and obligations of both client and worker, which are often clearly spelled out.
STEPS IN SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS Assessment Max Siporin – assessment is a process and product of understanding on which action is based. The process involves the collection of necessary information and analysis and interpretation in order to reach an understanding of the client, the problem, and the social context in which it exist.
ASSESSMENT o Also termed as diagnosis and social study o Involves the collection of necessary information and its analysis and interpretation o The ultimate purpose is to provide understanding necessary for appropriate planning.
o The major tasks involved during this stage are data, gathering, and problem definition based on the agreement between the client and the worker as to the problem-for-work. o These tasks culminate in the worker’s writing of an Assessment Statement or a Problem Definition. o TYPES OF SOURCES
**1. Primary source – the client
- Secondary source – significant others
- Existing source – records and reports
- Worker’s own observation PRINCIPLE IN DATA GATHERING**
- The client should be the main source of information although, when appropriate and available sources should be used.
- Data to be gathered should directly relate to the identified problems.
- The client should be informed about the source being used for data collection. In certain cases, his permission should be sought before certain kinds of information are obtained.
- Data collection is a continuous process, but it is the collection, organization and synthesis of such data that is especially critical to the definition of the problem and setting of goals.
- The type of client and the general nature of the problem can guide the worker on the type of data that should be collected and how much. THE INTAKE PROCESS AND THE PRESENTING PROBLEM Intake – process by which a potential client achieves the status of a client.
- On the client’s part, this involves the presentation of the self and the problem or need as he/she is experiencing
- On the worker’s part, this involves some assessment of the client and the problem and whether or not the agency is in a position to help.
- A good intake interview should provide the client with adequate understanding of the agency and its policy and program in relation to the need or problem, as well as the responsibilities and obligations from both client and worker.
- Intake may be accomplished in one session with a client. Presenting problem - problem that is a threat to the client’s or other’s welfare, and usually stated or presented as it is being perceived or experienced.
In working in a small group, a worker does individual or group intake interviews.
Individual Intake Form : community identifying information, presenting problem and circumstances relating
to this, background data and other pertinent information obtained during the initial contact with the community.
DEFINING THE PROBLEM Compton and Galaway - the way you define the problem will define the data collected and will dictate what are seen as appropriate answers. Problem for work- place of beginning together which means problem or part of the problem that:
Defining the problem – the problem for work means:
- The problem or part of the problem that the client system is most important or a good beginning place.
- The problem or part of the problem that in the worker’s judgement is most critical
- The problem or part of the problem that in the worker’ judgement can most readily yield to help
- The problem or part of the problem that falls within the action parameter of the helping system. *** the Clients Presenting Problem: , if it is the problem or part of the problem the client system feels is most important, it may serve as the “Problem for Work” *** if the client system presents multiple problems, the worker may use PARTIALIZATION – the process of separating from so many problems identified by the C and the W, the problem that need to be addressed first, and will be the focused of the helping relationship. PRIORITIZING - the added aspect of a problem taking precedence over other problems because of its Importance.
WRITING AN ASSESSMENT STATEMENT
Components of an assessment statement by Maria O’niel Mcmahon: Opening casual statement- this requires the worker to clearly indicate who’s has the problem, and why the problem exists at the time. Change potential statement- a statement- a problem’s change potential is dependent on three interdependent factors: problem, person and environment. Judgment- about the seriousness or urgency of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSESSMENT
- On-going
- Focuses on understanding the client in situation and providing a base of planning and action.
- A mutual process between client and worker
- There is movement within the assessment process
- Both horizontal and vertical explorations are important
- Assessment identifies needs in life situations, defines problems, and explains their meaning and patterns
- Assessment is individualized
- Judgment is important in assessment because many decisions have to be made.
- No assessment is ever complete
PLANNING
The link between assessment and intervention Planning process translates the content of assessment into a goal statement that describes the desired results and is also concerned with identifying the means to reach the goals. 2 majors task during the planning stage:
- Formulating goals that directly relate to the client’s need or problem
- Defining the specific actions/interventions that are necessary to achieve the goals. GOALS The desired or expected outcomes of an endeavor The term interim goals, intermediate goals objectives- refers to specific, short-term goals which facilitate the achievement of the long term or overall goals. Characteristics of goals- SMART
PLANS Means to achieve goals Consist of the specific actions/steps to be undertaken in order to reach the goals. Jointly made by the worker and the client, helping Plan, Action Plan, or intervention Plan Systematic review of the client strengths when preparing of intervention plan is one way to avoid offering an intervention plan without considering alternatives with the client.
UNITS OF ATTENTION Intervention or Action/Helping Plan calls for an identification of other persons who, in additions to client, have to be given attention because they are involved in the situation, and work with them is essentials to goal attainment Systems that are the focus of the change activity.
STRATEGY DEFINED AS AN OVERALL APPROACH TO CHANGE A SITUATION
Factors that influence the plan of action
- The community in which it is being carried out
- The agency sanctioning the plan
- The social problem that the plan is response to
- The social worker involved in the plan.
- The client.
The assessment and planning steps in the problem solving process culminates in the workers writing of a case study that contains the synthesis of the information that has been obtained on the client and his situation, and assessment
Summative evaluation concerned with outcomes of effectiveness Formative evaluation concerned with looking at the process of the work. It forces the worker to find out whether the implementation plan is being implemented as designed o Intervention plans can be viewed in 2 levels conceptual level and operational level. Professional accountability - SWer and SW agencies must answer for their work, not just to client who are the direct users, but to the public that supports them. 2 Aspects of Accountability o Effectiveness - refers to the questions on whether or not the services or intervention plans are accomplishing their intended goals; o Efficiency - refers to the cost of services and intervention plans in money, time and other resources.
TERMINATION
- End of helping relationship
MOST COMMON REASON FOR TERMINATING CLIENT WORKER RELATIONSHIP
- When the goal set by the worker and client has been reached.
- When, after reasonable period of time, there has been very little movement toward the attainment of the goals formulated, and the prospect for any change in the situation held unlikely
- When the client thinks that the worker has provided sufficient help so that it is now possible for the client to pursue problem solving on his own.
- When an agency does not have the resources needed by the client of the worker does not get her agency approval to provide the services needed by the client.
- When the system outside the client make it difficult for the client to continue with the helping relationship or when these systems influence the client to discountinue the relationship.
- When for one reason or another, the worker must leave the agency.
TRANSFER – process by which the client is referred by his social worker to another worker usually in the same agency because the former will no longer be able to continue working with the client… REFERRAL – an act directing a client to another worker/agency because the service that the client needs beyond the present agency worker’s competence, or the
client needs additional services which the present agency cannot provide.
COMPONENTS OF TERMINATION according to Pincus and Minahan
A. DISENGAGENMENT
Most Common Reactions during termination/disengagement
1. Denial – avoid painful feelings. Avoiding the discussion of termination. 2. Emotional reaction – fear of loss or fear of the unknown can give rise to the feeling of sadness and grief. There can be anger expressed in verbal outburst of physically violent behavior directed towards the worker or other significant others.
- Bargaining – clients tries to negotiate an extension of time or a modified schedule which can mean fewer contacts over a longer period with the worker. Some offer promises or gifts.
- Depression – listlessness, little energy, withdrawal, sadness, helplessness, despair, absence of motivation to go on.
- Acceptance – the client manifest an increase energy and is able to talk about good and bad times and to think for future. Factors that influence their reaction during termination 1. Length of service 2. Attainment of client goals 3. Client worker relationship 4. Modality of intervention
B. STABILIZATION OF CHANGE
Ronald Lippit – contend that the main test of a change agent’s help is the stability and performance of the client system’s changed behavior when the change agent is no longer actively working with client. They submit “ the change process must equip the client system to carry on effectively in a wide range of day to day activities after the initial change project is over” Robert Vinter – explains this as the requirement of transferability. i.e gains achieved by the client within the helping process must be transferrable beyond this process, and the degree of improvement should be assessed according to conventional standards in the community.
C. EVALUATION It is ongoing part of helping process. Periodic/regular evaluation allows the worker and the client to review and, if necessary, revise the goals and objectives …..
Spin- offs or unexpected/unwanted consequences
- This may help the worker and the client to know how to deal with future problems.
- The worker should identify what have been useful and what have not been helpful and what might have been done differently.
Chapter Eight SOCIAL WORK HELPING MODELS AND APPROACHES
I. For individual, groups and communities: direct provision model, intercession- mediation model, mobilizing resources of clients system to change their realities, crisis intervention approach and problem solving model II. For individual and groups: task-centered model, psychosocial approach, functional approach, behavioral modification, and family intervention III. For groups: developmental approach, interactionist approach, remedial approach IV. For communities: community development model, social planning model, social action model V. Indirect model of intervention : working with the elite, documentation/social criticism, advocacy
The Direct Provision Model:
Involves the direct administration of existing programs of material aid. This should not be equated with dole out. Other refers to this as Resource Provision, where resources may be mobilized, created, directly furnished where the client may be advised and counseled in making optimal use of them.
Proponents and principles/Key Concepts Schniederman: the goal of this model is the enhancement of client social functioning through the direct functioning through the direct provision of material and useful in eliminating or reducing situational deficiencies.
Helping Process : APIET Activities:
- Case by case involvement of the client in the study and evaluation process (determination of need and forms of need-meeting)
- A determination of eligibility within the administering agency’s terms of reference
- A judgment that the provision of the service or benefits will promote the clients best interest
Recruiting, selecting, training, supporting, collaborating with personnel offering direct care (e.g. Homemakers, foster parents, adoptive parents, health personnel, trainers, day care workers)
Example: A family who’s want to take advantage of the government’s Balik Probinsya Program
Intercession-mediation Model:
Involves the process of negotiating the service jungle for clients, whether singly or in groups. The worker connects the client to need services in the system until he has availed of them Social Worker takes partisan interest in the client and his cause. Advocacy efforts of the social worker are frequently directed towards securing benefits to which the client is legally entitled.
Proponents and principles/Key Concepts Schneiderman : the utilization of non-consensual strategies such as direct confrontation, administrative appeal, and the use of judicial and political systems, as an appropriate
Helping Process: APIET Activities: Social Workers may need to argue debate, bargain, negotiate and manipulative the environment on behalf of the client.
Example: Working women are defined labor benefits by their employers, juvenile offenders who are arrested, the illegal detained, neglected prisoners who should already qualify for parole privileges, slum dwellers who are having illegally evicted.
Crisis Intervention Approach
is a Process for actively influencing the psycho-social functioning of individuals and groups, during the period of acute disequilibrium. Involves crisis-oriented, time limited work, usually 2 or 6 weeks in duration. To be really effective, it should be available within 24 to 72 hours after application or referral for assistance.
Key Concepts Crisis is defined as an upset in a state, an emotional reaction on the part of an individual, family or group to a threatening life event.
The theory is based on the idea that there is no such thing as a problem-free state and life is a series of recurring development crisis.
Lydia Rapoport Goals for this approach: Relief of symptoms Restoration to the optimal pre-crisis level of functioning Understanding of the relevant precipitating events that contribute to state of disequilibrium Identification of remedial measures that can be taken by the client and the family Recognition of the connection between the current stress and past life experiences and conflicts
Task-Centered Model:
A technology for alleviating specific target problems perceived by clients, that is, particular problems clients recognize, understand, acknowledge and want to attend to. A task is what the client is to do to alleviate the problem, which makes the task both an immediate goal, and at the same time the means of achieving the goal alleviating the problem.
Laura Epstein, Professor Emeritus and William Reid.
This model is
- Brief and time limited
- Intervention is concentrated on alleviating specific problems, which the client and the worker expressly contract to work to
- Work on the problem is organized around tasks for problem solving actions the client agrees to carry out.
Features of the model:
- Assessment
- Case planning
- Implementation
- Tasks
THE PROCESS: Start up: clients referred by an agency or client applies independently and voluntarily
Step 1: Client Target problems identified Step 2: Contract, plans, target problem priorities, goals, practitioner tasks, duration, schedule, participants Step 3. Problem Solving Step 4: Termination
TASK CENTERED MODEL WITH GROUPS
Preliminary interview – problems are explored, clarified elicited in individual interviews
Group Composition - SW decides who should be in a particular group, and the size of the group.
Group Formation - The members share the problems that they will seek to reduce or eliminate by formulating and accomplishing agreed-on tasks
Group processes for task accomplishments - SW works with the group so they can help each other to accomplish the tasks within the time frame agreed upon.
Example: Client who lacks the motivation and interest in continuing his studies.
Psycho-social Approach
Referred to organismic approach and diagnostic school of thought
A systems theory approach concerned both the inner realities of human beings and the social context in which they live.
The person being helped is seen in the context of interactions or transaction in the internal worlds and effort are taken to understand the segment of the external world with which the person is in the close interaction.
Treatment is differentiated according to the client’s needs, hence the term differential treatment.
The worker must engage in fact-gathering and come with a professional opinion called diagnosis or assessment. The help provided in this approach will enable change to occur in the person or in the situation or both.
Key concepts/ proponents Mary Richmond, Marion Kenworthy, Bersey Libbey, Gordon Hamilton, Lucille Austin and Florence Hollis
6 Procedures of Intervention (Hollis)
- Sustaining (supportive remarks)
- Direct Influence (suggestion and advice)
- Catharsis and ventilation (discharge of pent-up feelings and emotionally charged memories)
- Reflective consideration of the current person- situation configuration
- Encouragement of client to reflect on dynamics of his response patterns or tendencies
- Encouragement of the client to think about the development of response patterns or tendencies
The process:
Initial phase : understanding the reasons for contract, establishing, engaging the client in the treatment, beginning treatment itself (treatment begins in the first interview) psychosocial study (gathering the information needed for the psychological diagnosis and guidance of the treatment)
Assessment of the client in His Situation; consists of a critical scrutiny of a client-situation complex and the trouble concerning which help is sought or needed.
3 TYPES OF DIAGNOSIS Dynamic: Examination aspects of the client’s personality interact to produce his total functioning, interplay between the client and other systems, dynamics of family interaction.
Etiology the cause or origin of the difficulty usually multiple factors in the person-situation configuration Classificatory: classifies various aspects of the clients functioning and his place in the world including, if possible, a clinical diagnosis (refers to classify based on personality disturbance) classifying individuals according to socio economic class, race, ethnic background and religion.
Treatment Indirect treatment: the worker intervenes directly in the environment of their client by obtaining needed resources and modifying the client’s situation when change in his situation is necessary Direct treatment involves direct work with the client himself or what Hollis describes as the influence of mind upon mind
Behavioral modification Approach
An approach intended to improve the social functioning of individuals, families, groups and organizations by helping them learn new behaviors and eliminating problematic ways of behaving.
Usually used in group work to shape stabilize, modify, or alter clients’s behavior with the use of certain techniques such as reassurance, reinforcement etc.
Proponents :
Wilheim Wundt, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Clark Hull, Edward Tolman, B.F. Skinner, Joseph Wolpe, Albert Bandura and Hans Eysenck
Decisions that guide the change process are made on the basis of data, not on the basis of assumption about why people behave as they do.
The process:
- Initial phase- background information problem identification and goal setting
- Implementation phase- plan implementation based on the contract and the commitment of the worker and the client
- Evaluation and termination Phase- usually periodic evaluation and monitor the phase the helping process
- Termination
Focus •Upon observable responses •More on the fundamentally classes of behavior: Emphasizes Observation, data collection and careful measurement before, during and after the intervention
Three elements of social learning
1. Target behavior - behavior that will be the focus of intervention 2. Antecedent behavior – the behavior that occur prior from the **problem behavior
- Consequent behavior –** behavior that occur after the problem behavior
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
1. Conditioning a. Classical conditioning – learning of a behavior because it is associated in time with specific stimulus with which it was formerly associated. b. Operant conditioning – learned behavior which takes place because it operates upon or affects which takes place because it operates upon of affects environment
- Reinforcement – anything that strengthen a target behavior, or to increase the likelihood that a target behavior will occur more frequently.
- Punishment – the presentation of an unwanted or unpleasant stimulus Extinction – refers to withdrawal of whatever forces a target behavior, which will tend to discourage the occurrence of the behavior
SOCIAL WORK ROLES:
Direct Modifier – the worker is the agent of modification in which she herself directly uses a technique like positive reinforcement to increase a child behavior relating to observing rules.
Behavioral Instigator – the worker influences a situation so that behavior will be modified such as introducing a point of rewards system to encourage task performance in youth home.
Teacher – the worker teaches behavioral modification techniques to clients, parents, related professional, and other professionals.
Functional Approach-
a method for engaging the client through relationship essentially one to one in the use of a social service toward his her own and the general social welfare.
The purpose of the service being offered helps to give sharpness and focus to the diagnosis or the understanding needed for the particular pathological condition for which a type of treatment is defined in order to achieve an environment goal. Agency service is made available Key concepts/ proponents
