Download NYSDEC Pesticide Applicator License Exam with precise detailed answers and more Exams Pest Management in PDF only on Docsity!
Pesticide !| Applicator !| License !| Exam !| with !|
precise !| detailed !| answers
What !| types !| of !| pesticide !| uses !| require !| the !| Ag !| Basic !| license !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-Use !| of !| general-use !| pesticides !| to !| produce !| plants !| or !| plant !| products !| intended !| for !| human !| consumption !| as !| food, !| where !| the !| person !| applying !| the !| pesticides !| or !| the !| employer !| of !| the !| person !| applying !| the !| pesticides !| derives !| $1,000 !| or !| more !| in !| annual !| gross !| income !| from !| the !| sale !| of !| those !| commodities -Food !| production !| applications !| include !| - !| Seed !| treatment !| through !| post !| harvest !| treatment !| or !| washing !| with !| disinfectants !| prior !| to !| sale What !| is !| a !| pesticide? !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Any !| substance !| or !| mixture !| of !| substances !| intended !| for: -preventing, -destroying, -repelling, !| or -mitigating any !| pest OR Any !| plant !| regulator, !| defoliant !| or !| desiccant. -Does !| not !| include !| fertilizers !| or !| nutrients -Does !| not !| include !| beneficial !| organisms
-Does !| not !| include !| traps !| or !| mechanical !| means Disinfectants !| (peroxides !| & !| bleaches) Herbicides !| &Growth !| Regulators Rat !| & !| mouse !| baits Fungicides Insecticides Botanicals Biological !| controls Deer !| and !| rabbit !| repellents Insect !| repellents Plant !| incorporated !| protectants -Bt !| corn !| has !| one !| or !| more !| Bacillus !| thuringiensis !| crystalline !| proteins !| engineered !| into !| it What !| is !| a !| pest? !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-Bacteria, !| viruses !| (germs) -Fungi, !| plant !| diseases -Weeds -Insects, !| mites, !| etc. -Birds -Deer, !| rodents, !| etc.
-Bioaccumulation: !| when !| a !| chemical !| accumulates !| in !| animal !| tissues -Biomagnification: !| when !| an !| organism !| accumulates !| residues !| at !| higher !| concentrations !| than !| the !| organisms !| they !| consume -Misuse -Secondary !| pest !| outbreaks -Non-target/Beneficial !| organism !| effects Pest !| Resurgence However, !| during !| the !| 1970's !| it !| became !| obvious !| that !| relying !| completely !| on !| pesticides !| for !| pest !| management !| could !| have !| some !| negative !| impacts. It !| was !| noticed !| that !| when !| certain !| pesticides !| were !| used !| repeatedly, !| some !| pests !| were !| no !| longer !| controlled !| by !| the !| pesticide. !| The !| pests !| had !| developed !| resistance !| to !| the !| chemical. !| Since !| the !| 1970's, !| pest !| resistance !| has !| surfaced !| in !| weed !| species, !| plant !| pathogens !| and !| insect !| pests. !| A !| prime !| example !| is !| the !| Colorado !| potato !| beetle !| which !| has !| developed !| resistance !| to !| every !| major !| group !| of !| insecticides, !| making !| the !| older !| chemical !| compounds !| nearly !| useless !| as !| pest !| management !| tools !| for !| Colorado !| potato !| beetle. In !| her !| book !| Silent !| Spring, !| Rachel !| Carson !| discussed !| environmental !| concerns !| about !| the !| stability !| and !| persistence !| of !| DDT !| and !| other !| chlorinated !| hydrocarbon !| insecticides. DDT !| and !| its !| relative !| compounds !| were !| also !| found !| to !| be !| stored !| in !| fat !| cells !| of !| insects, !| fish, !| birds, !| rodents !| and !| other !| animals. !| DDT !| didn't !| break !| down !| in !| fat !| cells. !| This !| is !| known !| as !| bioaccumulation. Some !| organisms !| accumulate !| chemical !| residues !| in !| higher !| concentrations !| than !| those !| found !| in !| their !| food !| source. !| This !| process !| is !| called !| biomagnification. !| For !| example, !| invertebrates !| with !| pesticides !| in !| their !| tissues !| are !| eaten !| by !| fish, !| which !| are !| then !| eaten !| by !| birds. !| The !| birds !| at !| the !| top !| of !| the !| food !| chain !| accumulate !| the !| highest !| concentration !| of !| pesticide !| residues. !| Pesticides !| that !| bioaccumulate !| and !| biomagnify !| have !| been !| removed !| from !| the !| marketplace.
How !| is !| Risk !| Determined? !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Animal !| Testing !| Risk !| and !| exposure LD !| 50 !| and !| LC !| 50 -LD50 !| = !| the !| dose !| of !| a !| substance !| that !| kills !| 50% !| of !| a !| population !| of !| test !| animals -measured !| in !| milligrams !| of !| toxicant !| per !| kilogram !| of !| body !| weight !| (mg/kg) -LC50 !| = !| concentration !| of !| a !| substance !| in !| air, !| food !| or !| water !| that !| kills !| 50% !| of !| a !| test !| population, !| measured !| in !| parts !| per !| million Smaller !| LD !| 50= !| MORE !| toxic LD50 !| and !| LC50 !| are !| laboratory !| experiments !| that !| measure !| the !| dose !| it !| takes !| to !| kill !| 50 !| percent !| of !| the !| test !| animals. For !| example !| purposes, !| let's !| say !| we !| have !| three !| populations !| of !| laboratory !| rats. !| Through !| oral !| exposure, !| we !| feed !| 100 !| rats !| each !| a !| particular !| dose !| of !| the !| toxicant !| and !| we !| have !| three !| different !| groups. !| One !| group !| gets !| 100 !| mg/kg, !| another !| 10 !| mg/kg !| and !| the !| last !| group !| 1 !| mg/kg. !| After !| 24 !| hours !| the !| test !| rats !| are !| evaluated !| for !| any !| negative !| effect !| and !| the !| dead !| rats !| are !| counted. !| The !| group !| of !| rats !| that !| has !| 50% !| of !| its !| group !| living !| and !| 50% !| dead !| was !| fed !| the !| lethal !| dose !| 50. !| So !| this !| dose, !| 10mg/kg !| in !| this !| example, !| is !| the !| LD50 !| for !| that !| chemical. These !| studies !| are !| performed !| for !| skin !| and !| oral !| exposures !| and !| stated !| in !| LD50, !| lethal !| dose !| 50. !| Inhalation !| is !| measured !| by !| putting !| a !| concentration !| in !|
•Acute -Rash -Nausea -Eye !| ticks -Stomach !| cramps -Death •Chronic -Cancer -Birth !| defects -Allergies -Organ !| damage -Endocrine !| effects -Nerve !| disorders Long !| term !| or !| delayed !| health !| effects Pests !| can !| pose !| human !| risk !| too •West !| Nile !| Virus !| & !| EEE •Malaria •Potato !| Late !| Blight !| Disease •Lyme !| Disease All !| pesticides !| have !| risks!!! !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔•Organic !| does !| not !| mean !| Safe
•Synthetic !| does !| not !| mean !| Highly !| toxic •Natural !| does !| not !| mean !| Safe What !| makes !| a !| poison? !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| Dose "All !| substances !| are !| poisons; !| there !| is !| none !| which !| is !| not !| a !| poison. !| The !| right !| DOSE !| differentiates !| a !| poison !| from !| a !| remedy." What !| are !| the !| environmental !| risks? !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔•Wildlife !| effects •Water !| contamination •Residues !| on !| food Know !| the !| "fate" !| of !| the !| pesticide !| you !| apply !| - !| Read !| the !| label-often !| states !| if !| toxic !| to !| fish, !| birds, !| invertebrates, !| etc. What !| is !| the !| most !| important !| thing !| to !| do !| before !| applying !| pesticides? !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Always !| carefully !| read !| the !| precautionary !| statements !| & !| environmental !| hazards !| on !| the !| label Persistence !| and !| Resistance !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Pest !| Resistance Remember !| "Silent !| Spring" !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Biomagnification !| of !| chlorinated !| hydrocarbons !| like !| DDT !| or !| Dieldrin Today's !| wildlife !| concerns !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-Biomagnification !| is !| not !| a !| big !| issue !| any !| more
!| kill !| individual !| bees, !| or !| be !| taken !| back !| by !| foraging !| bees !| and !| fed !| to !| the !| entire !| colony. If !| you !| have !| blooms, !| either !| mow !| them !| prior !| to !| making !| the !| application !| or !| don't !| make !| the !| application. !| Be !| careful !| with !| spray !| drift !| that !| can !| reach !| blooming !| plants. !| Bees !| tend !| to !| be !| lazy !| and !| don't !| forage !| early !| in !| the !| morning !| or !| late !| in !| the !| afternoon, !| so !| you !| may !| be !| able !| to !| time !| your !| application !| when !| they're !| not !| present. Some !| insecticides !| aren't !| harmful !| to !| bees. !| Also, !| some !| formulations !| are !| low !| hazard. !| Microencapsulated !| insecticide !| formulations, !| dusts !| and !| wettable !| powders !| can !| be !| very !| harmful, !| since !| bees !| can !| capture !| these !| formulations !| in !| their !| leg !| hairs !| when !| they !| collect !| pollen. !| Read !| the !| label !| for !| notes !| on !| bee !| toxicity. !| If !| possible, !| spot !| treat !| instead !| of !| doing !| a !| broadcast !| application. !| If !| you !| have !| hives !| in !| the !| vicinity, !| communicate !| with !| the !| beekeeper. Protect !| Beneficial !| Insects !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-Learn !| to !| recognize !| beneficial !| insects -Valuable !| allies !| in !| pest !| management -Minimize !| insecticide !| usage -Use !| spot !| treatments !| with !| selective !| products !| when !| possible Not !| all !| insects !| are !| pests. !| You !| need !| to !| be !| able !| to !| recognize !| the !| beneficial !| insects !| that !| are !| present !| in !| your !| agricultural !| fields !| or !| in !| your !| landscapes. !| These !| beneficials !| play !| a !| role !| in !| managing !| pest !| populations. !| The !| top !| image !| shown !| here !| is !| a !| parasitic !| wasp !| laying !| its !| egg !| into !| the !| body !| cavity !| of !| a !| caterpillar. !| The !| bottom !| image !| is !| the !| larval !| stage !| of !| a !| ladybird !| beetle. !| Be !| careful !| what !| insecticide !| you !| select !| and !| how !| you !| apply !| it.
Pesticides !| Can !| Leach !| Into !| Groundwater !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔More !| than !| two !| dozen !| pesticides !| have !| been !| detected !| in !| Maine !| groundwater Leaching -Movement !| of !| pesticide !| by !| water !| downward !| through !| the !| soil -Chemical !| characteristics !| that !| pose !| concern: -high !| solubility, -low !| adsorption, -persistence When !| contaminated !| water !| moves !| in !| the !| soil, !| not !| over !| it, !| we !| call !| this !| leaching. !| Again, !| pesticides !| that !| are !| water-soluble !| tend !| to !| leach !| through !| the !| soil. !| The !| contaminated !| soil !| water !| may !| move !| horizontally !| to !| nearby !| roots !| or !| it !| may !| move !| vertically !| through !| the !| soil !| profile !| down !| to !| the !| groundwater. !| Pesticides !| that !| tend !| to !| leach !| are !| those !| that !| are !| highly !| water- soluble, !| don't !| readily !| adsorb !| onto !| soil !| particles, !| and !| don't !| degrade !| quickly. Leaching !| depends !| on... !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-Geology !| - !| how !| permeable !| is !| the !| soil? -Soil !| texture !| and !| structure -Sandy: !| fast !| percolation, !| few !| binding !| sites -Silt, !| clay !| or !| organic !| matter: !| slower !| percolation !| and !| many !| binding !| sites -Depth !| to !| groundwater: !| shallow !| water !| tables !| pose !| a !| concern -Amount !| and !| timing !| of !| rainfall !| or !| irrigation
Food !| Quality !| Protection !| Act !| (FQPA) !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-establishes !| food !| residue !| tolerances !| only !| when !| there !| is !| "reasonable !| certainty" !| of !| no !| harm -considers !| cumulative !| exposures -considers !| greater !| risks !| to !| infants !| and !| children -mandates !| the !| review !| of !| older !| pesticides !| under !| new !| standards !| - !| every !| 15 !| years -mandates !| testing !| for !| endocrine !| disruption •linked !| to !| sexual, !| behavioral, !| developmental, !| reproductive !| problems FQPA !| or !| the !| Food !| Quality !| Protection !| Act !| is !| another !| federal !| law !| that !| was !| passed !| by !| the !| US !| Congress. !| It !| added !| several !| new !| standards !| that !| must !| be !| met !| by !| manufacturers !| during !| the !| registration !| or !| reregistration !| process. !| Products !| must !| have !| their !| residue !| tolerance !| limits !| set !| at !| levels !| where !| there !| is !| reasonable !| certainty !| of !| no !| harm. !| When !| evaluating !| exposures, !| the !| risk !| assessment !| process !| must !| consider !| cumulative !| exposures !| of !| related !| pesticides !| and !| account !| for !| greater !| risks !| in !| infants !| and !| children. !| FQPA !| mandates !| older !| products !| be !| reviewed !| to !| ensure !| they !| meet !| the !| new !| standards. !| Now !| they !| must !| be !| reviewed !| every !| 15 !| years. !| And, !| FQPA !| mandates !| testing !| for !| endocrine !| disruption !| that !| is !| linked !| to !| sexual, !| behavioral, !| developmental !| and !| reproductive !| problems. Pesticide !| residues !| are !| found !| on !| all !| types !| of !| food !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔- Samples !| are !| randomly !| chosen !| near !| the !| point !| of !| consumption, !| and -reflect !| what !| is !| typically !| available !| to !| the !| consumer !| throughout !| the !| year -Samples !| are !| selected !| without !| regard !| to !| country !| of !| origin, !| variety, !| or !| organic !| labeling
2011 !| USDA-PDP !| Sampling !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-USDA !| - !| PDP !| 2011 !| sampling !| shows !| that !| 99.73% !| of !| all !| samples !| are !| well !| below !| the !| tolerances !| set !| by !| EPA -In !| baby !| food !| no !| residues !| were !| found !| above !| the !| tolerance !| levels -399 !| (3.4%) !| of !| samples !| contained !| extremely !| low !| levels !| of !| pesticides !| for !| which !| there !| is !| no !| tolerance -"The !| data !| reported !| by !| PDP !| corroborate !| that !| residues !| found !| in !| fruits !| and !| vegetables !| are !| at !| levels !| that !| do !| not !| pose !| risk !| to !| consumers' !| health" Pesticide !| Registration !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-Not !| a !| safety !| guarantee -Reasonable !| certainty !| of !| no !| harm, !| but !| not !| risk !| free -Must !| read !| and !| follow !| the !| label !| to !| manage !| the !| risk Pesticides !| must !| be !| listed !| by !| the !| Maine !| BPC !| and !| the !| EPA Using !| EPA !| exempt !| pesticides? -Some !| pesticides !| have !| been !| deregulated !| by !| EPA -Exempt !| from !| Federal !| registration -Must !| be !| registered !| by !| State !| of !| Maine -Exempt !| from !| toxicity !| testing !| and !| FQPA -NOT !| risk !| free Pesticide !| Classifications !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔•General !| Use !| - !| Lower !| risk, !| available !| over-the-counter
It's !| important !| to !| read !| the !| entire !| label !| before !| buying !| a !| pesticide. !| Make !| certain !| that !| it's !| labeled !| for !| the !| crop !| or !| site !| where !| you !| intend !| to !| make !| the !| application !| and !| that !| you !| have !| the !| necessary !| application !| equipment. Read !| the !| label !| before !| storing !| the !| pesticide !| in !| case !| there !| are !| special !| storage !| considerations. Read !| the !| label !| before !| mixing !| and !| applying !| the !| pesticide, !| so !| you !| know !| the !| correct !| rates, !| timing !| of !| application !| and !| proper !| personal !| protective !| equipment !| required. Read !| the !| label !| before !| disposing !| of !| unused !| pesticide !| and !| empty !| containers, !| because !| the !| label !| often !| outlines !| disposal !| requirements !| and !| options, !| including !| recycling !| of !| triple-rinsed !| containers. The !| label !| is !| the !| foundation !| document !| for !| safely !| and !| effectively !| using !| the !| product. !| Make !| sure !| you !| understand !| the !| different !| parts !| of !| the !| label !| and !| what's !| required !| when !| handling !| a !| product. !| Let's !| spend !| the !| next !| few !| minutes !| reviewing !| the !| major !| parts !| of !| the !| label. Label !| "Rules !| of !| Thumb" !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔-The !| site !| or !| crop !| must !| be !| stated !| on !| the !| label -The !| target !| pest !| does !| not !| need !| to !| be !| listed -Any !| application !| method !| may !| be !| used, !| unless !| prohibited !| by !| the !| label -Applications !| may !| be !| made !| at !| a !| rate !| less !| than !| that !| stated !| on !| the !| label, !| not !| more! -Tank !| mixtures !| are !| OK, !| unless !| the !| label !| says !| otherwise
The !| label !| is !| the !| law. With !| no !| exception !| - !| the !| site !| of !| application !| must !| be !| clearly !| stated !| on !| the !| label. !| This !| is !| very !| specific !| in !| agricultural !| production, !| and !| a !| little !| more !| broadly !| interpreted !| in !| landscapes !| and !| rights !| of !| ways. FIFRA !| does !| not !| require !| that !| the !| pest !| be !| listed !| on !| the !| label. !| There !| is !| no !| way !| that !| a !| pesticide !| manufacturer !| could !| test !| their !| product !| on !| every !| weed !| or !| bug !| out !| there. !| The !| pests !| that !| are !| listed !| are !| the !| ones !| the !| manufacturer !| knows !| their !| product !| controls. FIFRA !| allows !| applicators !| to !| use !| alternate !| methods !| of !| application. !| So !| if !| the !| label !| only !| specifies !| ground !| rig !| application !| and !| is !| silent !| on !| aerial !| application, !| aerial !| is !| acceptable !| - !| unless !| the !| product !| label !| prohibits !| a !| certain !| method. FIFRA !| allows !| users !| to !| apply !| a !| lower !| rate !| or !| a !| less !| concentrated !| spray !| mix. Lastly, !| FIFRA !| allows !| users !| to !| tank !| mix !| to !| save !| time !| and !| application !| costs. !| You !| can !| tank !| mix !| unless !| the !| label !| prohibits !| tank !| mixing !| of !| certain !| pesticides. !| Labels !| prohibit !| tank !| mixing !| because !| manufacturers !| know !| the !| mixtures !| are !| incompatible. !| It !| the !| label !| is !| silent !| make !| sure !| the !| chemicals !| you're !| mixing !| together !| are !| compatible. Inert !| Ingredients !| are !| NOT !| harmless !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔They !| just !| aren't !| the !| active !| ingredient Pesticide !| Exposure !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Dermal, !| Oral, !| Respiratory Pesticide !| Exposure !| Deaths !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Many !| Are !| Suicides Many !| happen !| when !| children !| get !| into !| improperly !| stored !| product
•Diarrhea Moderate !| Poisoning !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔•Unable !| to !| Walk •Weakness •Chest !| Discomfort •Muscle !| Twitches •Constriction !| of !| Pupils Severe !| Poisoning !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Unconsciousness Severe !| Pupil !| Constriction Muscle !| Twitches Secretions Breathing !| Difficulty Methods !| of !| Confirmation !| it !| is !| pesticides !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔•Plasma !| and !| RBCcholinesterase !| activity •Urinary !| pesticide !| metabolites Exposure !| Reduction !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔•Avoidance •Personal !| protective !| equipment •Good !| hygiene •Worker !| monitoring •Follow !| label !| and !| regulations
Prevent !| any !| direct !| human !| exposure !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Wear !| PPE Don't !| spray !| on !| a !| windy !| day Reduce !| exposure !| by !| using !| targeted !| materials •Enclosed !| baits !| & !| gels !| (Best !| =most !| targeted) •Spot !| treatments •Broadcast !| treatments !| (worst=least !| targeted) Routes !| of !| Entry: !| Skin !| (Dermal) !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔97% !| of !| all !| body !| exposure !| during !| spraying !| is !| by !| skin !| contact! Okay, !| we've !| discussed !| the !| 3 !| types !| of !| effects !| on !| the !| human !| body !| from !| a !| pesticide !| poisoning, !| so !| now !| we'd !| better !| talk !| about !| how !| a !| pesticide !| enters !| the !| body !| or !| the !| routes !| of !| entry. There !| are !| 4 !| main !| routes !| of !| entry. The !| first !| and !| primary !| route !| of !| entry !| is !| the !| skin. !| Studies !| show !| 97% !| of !| all !| pesticide !| exposures !| during !| the !| pesticide !| application !| are !| by !| skin !| contact !| or !| the !| dermal !| route !| of !| entry. !| Take !| a !| look !| a !| the !| picture !| on !| the !| left !| side !| of !| the !| screen. !| This !| person !| was !| mixing, !| loading !| and !| spraying !| without !| wearing !| gloves; !| there !| was !| fluorescent !| dye !| in !| the !| product !| added !| to !| the !| tank !| mix !| to !| illustrate !| exposure. !| Under !| normal !| light !| conditions, !| their !| hands !| look !| clean !| and !| uncontaminated. !| However, !| if !| we !| take !| a !| look !| at !| the !| same !| hands !| at !| the !| right !| under !| a !| black !| light, !| we !| can !| see !| how !| much !| pesticide !| is !| really !| on !| their !| hands. !| If !| this !| person !| had !| worn !| a !| pair !| of !| gloves, !| they !| would !| greatly !| reduce !| their !| exposure !| which !| reduces !| their !| hazard. !| Remember, !| hazard !| depends !| on !| toxicity !| and !| exposure.
