Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Blood Vascular System and Lymphatic System: A Comprehensive Overview, Lecture notes of Nursing

Mindanao State University (MSU)Nursing

some first year nursing notes, might have inacuracies

Typology: Lecture notes

2020/2021
On special offer
30 Points
Discount

Limited-time offer

Uploaded on 11/28/2021

minghaoboo-cl-2605
minghaoboo-cl-2605 🇵🇭

5 documents

1 / 7

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
Blood Vascular
System
Consists of:
1. Blood- transporting medium
2. Blood vessels
a. Arteries, arterioles- carry blood
away from the heart
b. Veins, venules- return blood
back to the heart
c. Capillaries- microscopic blood
vessels where exchange of
substances takes place
3. Heart – pump blood to the organs and
tissues
Functions of blood
Transportation of gases, nutrients,
hormones, heat and waste products
Regulation- circulating blood helps
maintain homeostasis
Protection- blood can clot, which protect it
from excessive loss; white blood cells
protect against disease by carrying
phagocytosis
Physical properties of blood
Blood is denser and viscous than water
Temperature is 38 degrees Celsius, pH is
7.35- 7.45
Color varies according to oxygen content,
when it has high oxygen the color is bright
red, when it has low oxygen content the
color is dark red
Blood volume is 5-6 liters in an average
male adult, and 4-5 liters in female
Hematocrit
- the percent of total blood volume occupied
by RBC’s
- normal value is 38%- 46% (female); 40%-
54% (male)
Hemopoiesis
- formation of blood cells
- before birth
- first occurs in the yolk sac of the embryo,
then later in the liver, spleen, thymus and
lymph nodes
RBC
- derived from the Pluripotent stem cells or
hemocytoblast
Hormones that regulate the differentiation and
proliferation of Progenitor cells/ Stem cells
1. Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Produced by the kidney
- Increases RBC
2. Thrombopoietin (TPO)
- Produced by the liver
- Forms the platelets
Cell type
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)
pf3
pf4
pf5
Discount

On special offer

Partial preview of the text

Download Blood Vascular System and Lymphatic System: A Comprehensive Overview and more Lecture notes Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Blood Vascular

System

Consists of:

  1. Blood - transporting medium 2. Blood vessels a. Arteries, arterioles- carry blood away from the heart b. Veins, venules- return blood back to the heart c. Capillaries- microscopic blood vessels where exchange of substances takes place
  2. Heart – pump blood to the organs and tissues Functions of blood  Transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products  Regulation- circulating blood helps maintain homeostasis  Protection- blood can clot, which protect it from excessive loss; white blood cells protect against disease by carrying phagocytosis Physical properties of blood  Blood is denser and viscous than water  Temperature is 38 degrees Celsius, pH is 7.35- 7.  Color varies according to oxygen content, when it has high oxygen the color is bright red, when it has low oxygen content the color is dark red  Blood volume is 5-6 liters in an average male adult, and 4-5 liters in female Hematocrit
  • the percent of total blood volume occupied by RBC’s
  • normal value is 38%- 46% (female); 40%- 54% (male) Hemopoiesis
  • formation of blood cells
  • before birth
  • first occurs in the yolk sac of the embryo, then later in the liver, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes RBC
  • derived from the Pluripotent stem cells or hemocytoblast Hormones that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of Progenitor cells/ Stem cells
  1. Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Produced by the kidney
  • Increases RBC
  1. Thrombopoietin (TPO)
  • Produced by the liver
  • Forms the platelets Cell type  Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)

Occurrence in blood (per mm3)  4-6 million Cell anatomy  Salmon- colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected Function  Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide Cell type  Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs) Occurrence in blood (per mm3)  4000-11, Granulocytes Cell type  Neutrophils Occurrence in blood (per mm3)  3000-  (40- 70% of WBCs) Cell anatomy  Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules, which are difficult to see; deep purple nucleus consists of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm Function  Active phagocytes; number increase rapidly during short- term or acute infections Cell type  Eosinophils Occurrence in blood (per mm3)  100-  (1-4% of WBCs) Cell anatomy  Red coarse cytoplasmic granules; figure- or bilobed nucleus stains blue- red Function  Kill parasitic worms; increase during allergy attacks; might phagocytize antigen- antibody complexes and inactivate some inflammation chemicals Cell type  Basophils Occurrence in blood (per mm3)  20- 50  (0-1% of WBCs) Cell anatomy  Cytoplasm has a few large blue- purple granules; U- or S- shaped nucleus with constrictions, stains dark blue Function  Granules contain histamine (vasodilator chemical), which is discharged at sites of inflammation Agranulocytes Cell type  Lymphocytes Occurrence in blood (per mm3)  1500-  (20-45% of WBCs) Cell anatomy  Cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical (or slightly indented) dark purple- blue nucleus Function  Part of immune system; one group (B lymphocytes) produces antibodies; other group (T lymphocytes) involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, and activating B lymphocytes Cell type  Monocytes Occurrence in blood (per mm3)  100-  (4-8% of WBCs) Cell anatomy  Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue- purple nucleus often kidney-shaped Function  Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long- term “clean- up team”; increase in number

 A condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to decreased RBC or low hemoglobin a. Iron deficiency anemia b. Megaloblastic anemia

  • vitamin B12 deficiency, bone marrow produce abnormal large cells c. Pernicious anemia
  • Insufficient hemopoiesis resulting from an inability of stomach to produce intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine d. Hemolytic anemia
  • RBC cell membranes rupture prematurely may result from inherited disease, parasites, toxins or incompatible blood transfusions e. Thalassemia
  • Deficient synthesis of hemoglobin resulting to microcytic, hypochromic RBC f. Aplastic anemia
  • Destruction of red bone marrow caused by toxins, gamma radiation, medications inhibiting enzymes needed for hemopoiesis Sickle- cell disease  The RBC’s contain Hb-S, the cell forms long, stiff, rod- like structures that bend Hemophilia  An inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously Leukemia  A group of red bone marrow cancers, in which WBC increase uncontrollably

Overview of the Cardiovascular

System

Abnormal conditions Tachycardia - elevated beating of the heart Bradycardia - slow beating of the heart Arryhythmia - irregular heart beat Congestive heart failure - loss of pumping efficiency by the heart Ischemia - reduced blood flow to the myocardium Angina pectoris - severe pain that usually accompanies ischemia Myocardial infarction - complete obstruction to blood flow in a coronary artery Rheumatic fever - acute systemic inflammatory disease after Streptococcal infection Cardiomegaly - enlargement of the heart Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)  A printout recording of the electrical activity of the heart Echocardiography  Using ultra high frequency sound waves (beyond human hearing), similar to “sonar,” to form an image of the inside of the heart. This procedure can demonstrate valve damage, congenital (before birth) defects and other abnormalities

Blood Vessels: Microscopic

Anatomy

Three layers (tunics)

  1. Tunic intima
    • Endothelium
  2. Tunic media
    • Smooth muscle
    • Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
  3. Tunic externa
    • Mostly fibrous connective tissue

Structural Differences among

Blood Vessels

 Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins  Capillaries are only one cell layer (tunica intima) to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue  Veins have a thinner tunica media than arteries  Veins also have valves to prevent backflow of blood  Lumen of veins are larger than arteries

macrophages- help clear out debris of dead and dying cells Lymph nodes- bean- shaped located along lymph vessels, functions as a type of filter Spleen- a large single mass of lymph tissue located in the left hypochondriac region between the stomach and diaphragm contains T cells and macrophages. It also stores platelets and produce blood cells during fetal life

Immunity

 Ability to resist damage from foreign substances Innate Immunity First line of Defense  Skin and mucous membranes, lysozyme from tears and saliva, urine Second line of Defense

  1. Antimicrobial substances a. Interferon- antiviral protein b. Iron-binding protein- inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing available iron (transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, and hemoglobin) c. Antimicrobial proteins- peptides with broad spectrum activity (dermicidin, defensins, cathelicidin, and thrombocidin)
  2. Histamine
    • Promotes inflammation
    • Characterized by redness, pain, heat, and swelling and loss of function
  3. Natural Killer cells
    • Lymphocytes
    • Phagocytes (neutrophil and macrophages)
    • Causes by cytolysis of microbes, promotes Adaptive Immunity  Specific recognition to a specific antigen Cell-mediated immunity  Helper T-cells promote production of Tcells. Cytotoxic Tcells directly attack invading antigens  Effective against intracellular pathogen like viruses, bacteria or fungi, cancer cells and foreign tissue transplants Antibody-mediated immunity or Humoral immunity  B cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete antibodies or immunoglobulins  Effective against extracellular pathogens by neutralizing the antigen, immobilizing bacteria, agglutinating and precipitating antigen, activating complement, enhancing phagocytosis