NURS 611 Advanced Pathophysiology Review Notes
*Multiple choice only*
Key Points Exam 1:
Know Cell components and what they do:
●
Nucleus-
houses the genetic info
●
Ribosomes-
responsible for protein synthesis
●
Mitochond
ri a-
Produce
ATP
●
Golgi apparatus-
responsible for packaging and distribution
●
Lysosome-
degrades and recycles waste
●
Peroxisome-
has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces free radicals
What are Free Radicals or Reactive Oxygen Species? How do they cause damage?
-
Free radical:
unpaired molecule; steals an electron from a healthy molecule.
-
Causes cellular damage and in excess can cause disease
-
Antioxidants give an electron to an unpaired molecule
-
Reactive oxygen species:
highly reactive chemical molecules formed due to the electron receptivity of O
2
.
Example: peroxides
Cell membrane
●
What is the Plasma Membrane made up of?
o
Phospholipid bilayer:
hydrophilic heads on outside: phosphate functional group, hydrophobic
tails
on inside: glycerol
+
fatty acid chains
●
Why do we need a Cell membrane?
o
Main function is to keep ICF and ECF separate
●
How is Osmolality different between ICF and ECF?
o
Osmolality:measure of how much one substance has dissolved in another substance.
The greater the concentration of the substance dissolved, the higher the osmolality
o
Usually the same between ICF and ECF
●
What do proteins do for the cell (6)? How much of the Cell membrane is made up of protein?
o
Proteins make up 55% of the cell membrane.
o
Serve as channels, carrier, pumps and receptors
o
Enzymes
o
And are part of the cytoskeleton.
●
What is a protein?
o
made from a chain of amino acids known as polypeptides.
o
Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
