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Science, Technology, and Society: Comprehensive Final Examination
A. Climate Change
1. Due to industrialization, human activities contribute to the increase of greenhouse gases that speed up the occurrence of Climate Change.
TRUE, Industrialization began in the 18th century, and people use harmful emissions like carbon dioxide that contribute to greenhouse gases. At present, we’re still in industrialization, and unlike before, we contribute more harmful emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and many more (Denchak 2019). Greenhouse gases are important, but too much or too little is harmful to many living things. Fewer greenhouse gases may affect coldness, while too high greenhouse gases may affect heat. In industrialization case, it contributes so much to greenhouse gases that cause the warmness of climate. Our climate has changed in the past years because of overusing resources for industrialization. We, people, choose fossil fuels, coal, or non-renewable resources that emit harmful gasses. Factories use chemicals and put them in rivers and seas that evaporates. The big result of global warming in the past few years is the melting of the north and south poles. The temperature increase from 0.4% in a pre-industrial period then in 2016, we had a 0.83% increase highest in the 21st century (Richie & Roser, 2020). The temperature around the world has become higher, which leads to drought and big storms. Overall, we can say that industrialization is one of the causes of the greenhouse effect that leads to global warming.
Figure 1: Chart of greenhouse effect from 17th^ century to Present Industrialization
https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#:~:text=%E2%80%9CAnthropogenic %20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20have,least%20the%20last%20800%2C000%20years.
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References :
Denchak, M. (2019, July 23). Greenhouse Effect 101. NRDC. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenhouse-effect-101.
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2017, May 11). CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
3. Tree planting is the solution for global warming
FALSE, According to the journal Nature (2015), "About 46% of trees in the world are already cut down and the reason for climate change." So people think that planting trees again or reforestation is one of the solutions to fight climate change. Based on the research of Tom Crowther in 2019, his ecologist team found out that we can fight climate change by planting 1.2 trillion trees. They believe that trillion trees will help fight 37 billion tons of Carbon Dioxide that people emit every year (Tutton,2019). However, we cannot rely on planting trees because they cannot reverse climate change. Reforestation only slows and reduces global warming. Actually, the research of Crowther in 2019 was criticized by many because they only focus is the numbers of trees. Planting trees are good, but a study in 2007 showed that there only the best place to plant trees that can totally help reduce global warming, these places are tropical countries (Bala et al., 2007). Planting trees in the north and south pole is not effective, unlike planting trees in the tropics. Some trees also contribute bad emission to the greenhouse gases if they are planted wrongly. The best other solution is the natural climate solution, which is reducing greenhouse gases by protecting the forest, restoring wetlands, and restoring different ecosystems (Griscom et al., 2017). All in all, planting trees indeed can reduce climate change. However, planting a lot of trees is not the best solution. Reforestation in the wrong way will make climate change worst. So the best solution is a natural climate solution or protecting the forest from deforestation.
Figure 2: Trees produce carbon dioxide emissions after being cut down. Protecting forest is the best way than Planting in wrong way.
https://imgs.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/10/18194106 /18_TCL_Emission_By_Numbers-03_002.png
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Figure 3: Number of people living with HIV in the Philippines from 2000 to 2020
https://www.statista.com/statistics/701857/philippines-estimated-number-of-people-living-with-hiv/
Figure 4: SARS and COVID19 deadly results
https://www.statista.com/chart/20652/coronavirus-compared-to-sars/
References :
Morens, D. M., Breman, J. G., Calisher, C. H., Doherty, P. C., Hahn, B. H., Keusch, G. T., … Taubenberger, J. K. (2020, September). The Origin of COVID-19 and Why It Matters. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7470595/.
Buchholz, , K. (2020, March). Infographic: Number of Threatened Species is
Rising .Statista.
https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/www.statista.com/chart/amp/17122/number-of-thr
eatened-species-red-list/.
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3. Extinct animals can be given birth through the advancement of technology
TRUE , The cloning becomes possible with the help of CRISPR-CLONInG (Arbab et al., 2015). In 1996 the first cloning began with Ian Wilmut. Dr. Wilmut cloned a sheep whose name is Dolly. The sheep lives from 1996 to 2003 (Fridovich-Keil, 2020). After cloning an animal, scientists cloned an extinct animal in 2003. This animal is Pyrenean ibex, which originated from Portugal, France, and Spain, that extinct in 2000. The Center for Agro-Nutrition Research and Technology is the one who decides to clone Pyrenean Ibex. In 2003 the team became successful (Choi, 2009). The successful cloning of both extinct and not extinct animals is valid evidence that we can get back vanished animal species. Advance technology is the one who makes it possible. To make extinct animals given back to life, humans should stock the genes of endangered animals, so that in case of emergency, we can make a clone. An actually cloned animal has a short life span compared to naturally given birth. Even we can use clones or advanced technology, much better to protect endangered animals. We should not relax because there is cloning. Each animal has a big role in biodiversity, and humans will suffer if we destroy other living creatures. All in all, there's a piece of evidence that technology can help to give back to life the extinct animals, but we should not rely upon it because natural is better than modified.
Figure 5: Dolly the first cloned animal
Reference: Fridovich-Keil, J. (2020), Dolly Cloned Sheep. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dolly-cloned-sheep
Choi, C. (2009), First Extinct-Animal Clone Created. National Geographic. https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/scienc e/2009/02/news-bucardo-pyrenean-ibex-deextinction-cloning
https://theconversation.com/20-years-after-dolly-everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-the-cloned-sheep-and-what-came-next-
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Figure 6: Modified plant that can store more carbon dioxide
https://inhabitat.com/digging-deeper-for-climate-solutions-deep-root-gmos-could-feed-world-and-store-carbon/
References :
Dodgson, L. (2017). 25 Animals That Scientists Want to Bring Back From Extinction. Business Insider. https://www.sciencealert.com/25-animals-that-scientists-are-planning-to-bring-back-from-exti nction.
Popescu, A. (2019, April 17). This scientist thinks she has the key to curb climate change: super plants. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/16/super-plants-climate-change-joanne-c hory-carbon-dioxide.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419.
Ajisha, S. U., Joseph, B., & Jini, D. (2011). Fight Global Warming with Genetically Altered Trees. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235713047_Fight_Global_Warming_with_Genetica lly_Altered_Trees.
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3. Cancer is a disease of a gene; thus, cancer is more likely epigenetics-caused than hereditary or genetically-caused.
TRUE , According to the World Health Organization (2018), “one in every six deaths are because of cancer.” Most of the Cancer is 70-90% environmental and only 10-30% hereditary. Our everyday lifestyle is the main reason why some acquire cancer. Most cancers are not linked to the genes we acquire from our parents (Whiteman, 2015). Based on the American Cancer Society, the things that boost having cancer cells are smoking tobacco, Bad diet, bad physical activities, Sun, radiations, viruses, and infections. It shows that we develop cancer when time goes by based on bad habits and routines. Although cancer is deadly, we can prevent or avoid it by following a healthy lifestyle and discipline. The choice is in every person if they will live healthily or not, then the consequences will be shown after years. On the whole, cancer has more percentage as an epigenetic-caused than genetically caused. We can avoid cancer, but it is hard to be treated. Cancer maybe is the consequence of our unrighteousness doings and hobbies in the past.
Figure 7: Cancer is more likely epigenetic-caused than hereditary.
https://clinicalgenetics.nm.org/cancer-genetics.html
References :
Whiteman, H. (2015, December). Most cancer cases 'caused by lifestyle, environment
- not bad luck'. Medical News Today.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/304230.
