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Program: Topic: Crucible of the Constitution, Politics & Finance Course: Mabini’s Life, Works and Writings Instructor: Danica O. Niega,RCrim Code TCCR01 Module #: 5 Week #: 10 - 11 # of Page: 15 I. Preliminaries Introduction to the Module Objective This module aims the importance of Malolos Constitution to Mabini and his work In politics and Finance Section Topics (^) Learning Outcomes Assessment/ Evaluation Modality Section 1: Crucible of Constitution Section 2: Politics & Finance . .
- Describe & analyze the influence of Malolos constitution
- Describe Mabini’s work in politics & finance in Malolos 1. Written exercises 2. Create a flow chart in discussing the works of Mabini 3. Activity Assignment and Using module Social media platform Research II. Instructions Oblivious - Unaware Convoke - Summon Amendment - Revision Expropriate – Take over Temperamental – Excitable Catapult – Propel Albeit – Although Imminent - Nea
- Content Lecture/ Discussion
- Though short-lived, the First Philippine, nonetheless catapulted the Filipino nation onto the world’s consciousness carving not only a place among the family of nations but also a distinct niche as the first republic in Asia. While much of the world was oblivious to its birthing, the First Republic proved that Filipinos were capable of self-rule and deserved their longed-for freedom after more than 300 years of colonial bondage- a bondage shaken time and again by sporadic revolts, whose disparateness precluded ultimate victory.
- After the failure of the reformist movement led by Rizal and Del Pilar, Andres Bonifacio led the 1896-98 Philippine Revolution, culminated with the inauguration of the Republic on January 23, 1899 at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. Though besieged and eventually thwarted by the United States army, the Republic had earned the loyalty of the Filipino people and deserved the recognition of foreign nations.
- Four days later, the Filipino rebels routed the Spaniards in Alapan, Cavite, a victory celebrated by Aguinaldo with the first, albeit informal, waving of the National Flag on Philippine soil. The event pre-empted the May 31st launching of the second phase of the revolution. By July 1898, the Filipinos liberated the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Pampanga, most of Bulacan and the suburbs surrounding Manila.
- Mabini’s plan to establish a grassroots government was realized towards the latter half of June 1898. Aguinaldo issued several important decrees reorganizing the government in the liberated provinces: the decree of June 18 reorganized municipalities and provinces, through the election of Popular Assemblies
- Whose heads the town chiefs then elected the provincial councils. The decree also provided for the election of delegates to the Revolutionary Congress by the town chiefs.
- To Mabini, the latter were Aguinaldo’s direct link to the masses and on August 1, 1898, these town officials assembled at Bacoor, then the seat of the Revolutionary government, and ratified the newly proclaimed Philippine independence.
- For Security reasons the seat of government had to be moved away from the Americans. Aguinaldo declared Malolos, Bulacan as the new Capital. From Bacoor to Malolos officially transferred, after five days later Congress was inaugurated in Barasouin Church on September 15, 1898, to the influence of the member of congress Felipe Buencamino.
- Not wanting disappoint Congress Aguinaldo listened to them. Aguinaldo instructed the
about what the reform movement and revolution.
- Apolinario Mabini being the adviser of the President, objected some provision 3 of this constitution until other member of congress find proper solution.
- President Aguinaldo ascending to insert the needed amendment of the document and he formally promulgated the constitution that embodied the Ideologist belief system and values of the Filipino people on January 29, 1899.
- Thus Mabini resigned as his adviser (Dec, 1898) Pres. Aguinaldo did not accept Mabini’s resignation instead he accepted Mabini’s criticism of the constitution and read this in congress on January 1, 1899.
- Mabini’s letter (December, 1898): ‘Now that you have other counsellors allow me to retire. When you had no one to consult, I worked by your side spite of my sickness. Now that you do not need me, It is only fair to myself that I should think of my health. As soon as the roads dry up, I will go to Sibul and see if I can still recover.’
- Needless to say, Aguinaldo’s actuation in the next few weeks demonstrated that he still felt that he needed Mabini’s wise counsel.
- Aguinaldo did not accept Mabini’s resignation instead he accepted his criticism of the constitution by asserting to insert the needed amendment of the document formally promulgated constitution that embodied the ideologies belief system and values of the Filipino people.
- Aguinaldo read the constitution in Congress (1, January 1899), he also changed his Cabinet (2, January 1899) naming Mabini the Secretary of Foreign Affairs & Chief Minister of the Cabinet. Mabini accepted these position as Aguinaldo insisted, so that he could have voice in government.
- In Pres. Aguinaldo speech, He expressed his congratulations to the members of Malolos congress, armed forces especially to the Filipino people to their cooperative effort, sacrifices to struggle to gain independence. He said that the aspiration ideas of a resilient ways “to live under the democratic regime of the Philippine Republic, free from the yoke of any domination” “Great is this day! Glorious this date and forever memorable this moment in which our beloved people raised to the theories of independence. On January 2, Pres. Aguinaldo appoint his Cabinet: ApolinarioMabini- President of Cabinet and Secretary of Foreign Affairs TeodoroSandico- Secretary of interior Baldomero Aguinaldo- Secretary of War Mariano Trias - Secretary of Finance GracianoGonzaga – Secretary of Welfare ( including public instruction, Public works, Communication, Agriculture & Commerce The Officers of the congress are the ff: Pedro Paterno - President Benito Legarda – Vice President Gregorio Araneta - 1st^ Secretary Pablo Ocampo - 2 nd^ Secretary Delegates created the committee of Justice & other different committees: Committee on Felicitation
Committee on Message Committee on Internal registration Committee on Style Committee to draft the constitution THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION Translation by Sulpicio Guevara from the original Spanish text
- POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC
- WE, the Representatives of the Filipino people, lawfully convened, in order to establish justice, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and to secure for ourselves the blessings of liberty, imploring the aid of the Supreme Legislator of the Universe to help us attain these objectives, have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the following.
- TITLE I
- THE REPUBLIC
- Article 1. The political association of all the Filipinos constitutes a NATION, whose state
- Article 1. Shall be known as the Philippine Republic.
- Article 2. The Philippine Republic is free and independent.
- Article 3. Sovereignty resides exclusively in the people.
- TITLE II
- THE GOVERNMENT
- Article 4. Government of the Republic is popular, representative, alternative, and responsible, and shall exercise three (3) distinct powers: namely the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.
- Article 5. The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all religions, as well as the separation of the Church and the State.
- TITLE !V
- THE FILIPINOS AND THEIR NATIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
- Article 6. The following are Filipinos:
- All persons born in the Philippine territory. A vessel of Philippine registry is considered, for this purpose, as part of Philippines territory.
- Children of a Filipino father of mother, although born outside of the Philippines.
- Foreigners who have obtained certificate of naturalization. Those who, without such
- However, by virtue of an order a competent court, correspondence may be detained and opened in the presence of the sender.
- Article 13. All orders of imprisonment, of search of dwelling house, or detention of written correspondence, telegraph or telephone, must be justified. When an order lacks this requisite, or when the ground on which the act was founded is proven in court to be unlawful or manifestly insufficient, the person to be detained or whose imprisonment has not been ratified within the period prescribed in Article 9, whose correspondence has been detained, shall have the right to recover damages. Article 14. No Filipino shall be prosecuted or sentenced, expert by a judge or court of proper jurisdiction and according to the procedure prescribed by law. Article 15. Expert in the cases provided by the Constitution, all persons detained or imprisoned not in accordance with legal formalities shall be released upon his own petition or upon petition of another person. The law shall determine the manner of proceeding summarily in this instance, as well as the personal and pecuniary penalties which shall be imposed upon the person who ordered, executed or cause to be executed the illegal detection or imprisonment. Article 16. No one shall be temporarily or permanently deprived of rights or disturbed in his enjoyment thereof, except by virtue of judicial sentence. The official, who, under any pretext whatsoever, should violate this provision, shall be personally liable for the damages caused. Article 17. No one shall be deprived of his property by expropriation except on grounds of public necessity and benefit, previously declared and justified by proper authority, and indemnifying the owner thereof prior to expropriation. Article 18. No one shall be obligated to pay any public tax which had not been approved by the National Assembly or by local popular governments legally so authorized, and which is not in the manner prescribed by the law. Article 19. No Filipino who is in full enjoyment of his civil and political rights shall be impeded in the free exercise of said rights. Article 20. Neither shall any Filipino be deprived: of the right to freely express his ideas or opinions, orally or in writings, through the use of the press or other similar means of the right of association for purposes of human life and which are not contrary to public morals; and lastly, of the right to send petitions to the authorities, individually or collectively. The right of petition shall not be exercised through any kind of armed force. Article 21. The exercise of the right provided for in the proceeding article should be subject to general provisions regulating the same.
Article 22. Crimes committed on the occasion of the exercise of rights provided for in this title, shall be punished by the courts in accordance with the laws.
- Article 23. Ant Filipino may establish and maintain institutions of learning, in accordance with the laws authorizing them.
- Article 24. Foreigners may freely reside in Philippine territory, subject to legal dispositions regulating the matter; may engage in any occupation or professions for the exercise of which no special license is required by law to be issued by the national authorities. Article 25. No Filipino who is in full enjoyment of his political and civil rights shall be impeded in his right to travel freely abroad of in his right to transfer his residence or possessions to another country, except as to his obligations to contribute to military service or the maintenance of public taxes. Article 26. No foreigner who has not been naturalized may exercise in the Philippines any office which carries with it any authority of jurisdictional powers. Article 27. All Filipinos are obliged to defend his country with arms when called upon by law, and to contribute to the expenses of the State in proportion to his means. Article 28. The prior authorization to prosecute a public official in the cases which constitute apparent and clear violations of constitutional precepts. In others, the agents of the law shall only be exempted if they did not exercise the authority. Article 30. The guaranties provided for in articles, 7,8,9,10 and 11 and paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 20 shall not be suspended, partially or wholly, in any part of the Republic, except temporarily and by authority of law, when the security of the State in extraordinary circumstances so demands. When promulgated in any territory where the suspension applies, there shall be a special law which shall govern during the period of the suspension, according to the circumstances prevailing. The law of suspension as well as the special law to govern shall be approved by the National Assembly, and in case the latter is in recess, the Government shall have the power to decree the same jointly with the Permanent Commission, without prejudice to convoking the Assembly without the least delay and report to it what had been done. However, any suspension made shall not affect more rights than those mentioned in the first paragraph of this article nor authorize the Government to banish or deport from the Philippines any Filipino. In no case may the civil or military chief promulgate any penalty other than those previously provided by law. Article 31. In the Republic of the Philippines, no one shall be judged by a special law or by special tribunals. No person or corporation may enjoy privileges or emoluments which are not in compensation for public service rendered and authorized by law. War and
- Later on, it had to support itself by direct and indirect taxes, income from confiscated Spanish properties and donations. In order to further stabilize its finances, Benito Legarda, the director of one of the divisions of the treasury, introduced in October 1898 , a bill in congress for the purpose of floating a National Loan. Congress passed this bill which became a law on Aguinaldo’s approval on November 26, 1898. The law authorized the government “ to execute for the Treasury of the nation an interior loan of 20,000, pesos to be redeemed in 40 years after the date of issue. “ It was provided, too, that the subscribers to the loan were to receive six percent interest annually every six months or even every three months if the situation in the Treasury warranted it. The government was further authorized “to pledge the property of the nation as security and issue money of forced circulation of the value of 3,000,000 pesos to be redeemed in three years..” The date of issue was to commerce on December 1, 1898.
- THE MEN who set out to control Congress were determined all, to demonstrate that they were patriots (the one who love and fight for his/her country) And no gesture would have more visible than their financial aid to the Revolution.Yet the owners of property would not unnecessarily risk their source of power promulgation of the constitution would have partially serve as a guarantee.Without this guarantee it became understandable why the patriotism of some become colder. However, there were those who were determined to offer some financial support to the revolution.
- However, there were those willing to offer some financial support to the Revolution provided by the Revolutionary Government was willing to give something in return. Why Felipe Buencamino convinced Aguinaldo of urgent necessity of approving the constitution passed by Congress was that, without the Constitution the NATIONAL LOAN previously passed by Congress and approved by Aguinaldo would be frustrated.
- And interpreted as veiled threat that congressional financial support of the Revolution might be withheld should Aguinaldo not cater fully to the wishes of the Congress. Buencamino reveals why it was not easy for Aguinaldo to entirely disregard some of the demands of the Revolutionary Congress.
FINANCES
- One of the important laws passed by the Malolos Congress was the Law Providing for a National Loan to buy the national budget in which the republic was trying to balance. The loan, worth 20 million pesos, was to be paid in 40 years with an annual interest of six percent. The law was decreed by Aguinaldo on November 30, 1898.
- Aguinaldo found out the technicalities that must have perplexed. He stated that
- The permanent board was divided into 4 sections, each section to assist ostensibly the 4 directors corresponding to the 4 division of the TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Mabini warned in his letter that ultimately the permanent board would supervise and control all the transactions of the Department.
- Mariano Trias as the incumbent secretary of the treasury and man that could be trusted. Mabini feared that he could be unwittingly made a tool of the board whose motives were not in any manner obvious to all. Pointing out that a qualification to become a member of the board was wealth.
- Immediately Aguinaldo wrote a bitter letter apprising him of the possible motives of the persons composing the permanent board who were interested in forming a bank and the possible implications of the WHOLE MATTER on the Revolutionary cause. The Cry of PugadLawin
- (Cry of Balintawak) August 1896-members of Katipunan secret society (katipuneros) led by Andres Bonifacio rose up in revolt somewhere in an area referred to as Caloocan wider than the Jurisdiction of present day Caloocan City which may have overlapped into present day Quezon City. Cry (sigaw)-referred to the first clash between the katipuneros and the Guardia Civil. -tearing up community tax certificate (cedulaspersonales) in the defiance of their allegiance to Spain.
III. Viable and vibrant Activities Learning task 1
1. Analyze the Malolos constitution write your amendments about it. Specify the reason or explanations for such amendments. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ____.
- At present times, do you agree to the existing laws? Why? Prove your answer.
____________________________. - For the existing law, which one that you are in favor of and why? Prove your answer.
____________________________. IV. Opportunity to reflect and articulate students’ acquired knowledge. Evaluation Learning task 1 Rubrics Category Needs improvement 1 pt. Approaching standards 2 pts. Good 3 pts. Excellent 4 pts. Ideas and Content There is no clear or specific explanation in answer to the question. You put thought into this, but there is no real evidence of learning. More specific information is needed or you need to follow the directions more closely. What you are writing about is clear. You answered the question. Some support may be lacking, or your sentences may be a bit awkward. Overall, a decent job. What you are writing about is clear and well-expressed, including specific examples to demonstrate what you learned. Well done! Use of terms No terms from the lesson are used. Only one term from the lesson is used in the answer. Try for a few more, next time. Your answer included several terms from the lesson, demonstrating adequate understanding of the material. Your answer included all the terms from the lesson that applied to the question asked. All terms are fully defined and used in the proper context. Sentence Fluency Sentences are Some sentences Sentences are Sentences are
incomplete or too long. It makes reading them difficult. are complete and easy to understand. Others require some work. complete and able to be understood. complete and they connect to one another easily when they are read out loud. Your writing 'flows.' Conventions Few end marks or capital letters. Answers contain numerous spelling or structural errors. Mistakes using end marks or capitals as well as spelling mistakes make the writing hard to read. Use of punctuation marks and capitals, as well as spelling, is mostly correct. Few errors exist in your answer. No punctuation or structural mistakes. No spelling errors. Your writing shows full awareness of the rules of English use. Learning task 2 rubrics Category 16-20 11-15 6-10 1- Introduction The first line of the speech really got my attention and made me want to listen. The first line of the speech really got my attention and I was curious to hear the rest. The first line didn’t really got my attention and I wasn’t sure if I wanted to hear more. The first line of the speech did not got my attention and I did not want to hear more. Content The speech focused on one or two major issues and described those issues thoroughly. The speech focused on one or two major issues, but did not fully explain them. The speech focused on more than two issues and did not fully explain them. The speech was unclear and did not explain any of the issues thoroughly Delivery The speaker spoke in a loud, clear voice and was expressive. The speaker was loud and clear, but not very expressive. The speaker was hard to hear at times and not expressive. I could not hear or understand the speaker. Conclusion The end of the speech was exciting and lively. The end of the speech was somewhat exciting and lively The end of the speech was not very exciting or lively The end of the speech was not exciting or lively at all. Overall The speech was exciting and informative and really made me want to vote for this person. The speech was informative and somewhat exciting and I might vote for this person. The speech was not very informative or exciting and I probably wouldn't vote for this person. The speech made me not want to vote for this person. Summary
