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NUPC 107 Nursing Pharmacology: Respiratory Drugs, Lecture notes of Pharmacology

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU)Pharmacology

MODULE 3.0.1 - ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Available from 10/25/2022

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NUPC 107 Nursing Pharmacology Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
LESSON 2
RESPIRATORY DRUGS
ANTIHISTAMINES
HISTAMINE
A bodily substance that performs many functions:
Nerve impulse transmission in the CNS
Dilation of capillaries
Contraction of smooth muscles
Stimulation of gastric secretion
Acceleration of HR
Major inflammatory mediator of many allergic disorders eg. Allergic Rhinitis
TWO types of cellular histamine receptors:
a) H1 receptors
Mediate smooth muscle contraction
Dilation of capillaries
b) H2 receptors
Acceleration of HR
Gastric acid secretion
ANTIHISTAMINES
Agents which do not affect the release of histamine but act primarily to block the
action of histamine at it usual receptor site
AKA histamine antagonists
H2 blockers is discussed under GIT drugs
H1 – BLOCKERS EXAMPLES
1. diphenhydramine
2. chlorpheniramine
3. fexofenadine
4. loratadine – non sedating
5. cetirizine – non sedating
Nasal allergies
Colds
Rhinitis
Allergic reactions
Motion sickness
Parkinson’s disease – anticholinergic effect
Vertigo
Sleep aid
DECONGESTANTS
Agents which constrict dilated blood vessels in the nasal mucosa by stimulating nerve
receptors in vascular smooth muscles reduced blood flow to edematous area;
slowed mucus formation; better drainage
Relief
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LESSON 2

RESPIRATORY DRUGS

ANTIHISTAMINES

HISTAMINE

 A bodily substance that performs many functions:  Nerve impulse transmission in the CNSDilation of capillariesContraction of smooth musclesStimulation of gastric secretionAcceleration of HR  Major inflammatory mediator of many allergic disorders eg. Allergic Rhinitis  TWO types of cellular histamine receptors: a) H 1 receptors  Mediate smooth muscle contractionDilation of capillaries b) H 2 receptors  Acceleration of HR  Gastric acid secretion ANTIHISTAMINES  Agents which do not affect the release of histamine but act primarily to block the action of histamine at it usual receptor site  AKA histamine antagonists

 H 2 blockers is discussed under GIT drugs

H 1 – BLOCKERS EXAMPLES

  1. diphenhydramine
  2. chlorpheniramine
  3. fexofenadine
  4. loratadine – non sedating
  5. cetirizine – non sedating Nasal allergies Colds Rhinitis Allergic reactions Motion sickness Parkinson’s disease – anticholinergic effect Vertigo Sleep aid DECONGESTANTS  Agents which constrict dilated blood vessels in the nasal mucosa by stimulating nerve receptors in vascular smooth muscles  reduced blood flow to edematous area; slowed mucus formation; better drainage  Relief

 REBOUND CONGESTION (topical)

  • Excessive use causes local ischemia & irritation of mucosa  extensive vasodilation & congestion NASAL CONGESTION  Due to excessive nasal secretions & inflamed & swollen nasal mucosa 3 groups of DRUGS
  1. ADRENERGICS (sympathomimetics)  Constrict small arterioles  better drainage a) naphazoline HCl (Privine) b) oxymethazoline (Afrine)
  2. ANTICHOLINERGICS (parasympathomimetics) a) ipratropium bromide (atrovent)
  3. CORTICOSTEROIDS  Anti-inflammatory effect a) dexamethasone NaPO 4 b) beclomethasone dipriopionate ANTITUSSIVES  Cough suppressant  Advised only when it serves a useful purpose and causes respiratory discomfort and/or sleep disturbance CATEGORIES A. NARCOTIC Suppress cough reflex by a direct effect on the cough center in the medulla oblongata Drawback is dependence, respiratory depression, bronchial constriction, CNS depression, constipation Ex. CODEINE HYDROCODONE B. NON-NARCOTIC Less effective & No analgesic properties o Dextromethorphan o Benzonatate EXPECTORANTS o Aid in the expectoration of excessive mucus by breaking down & thinning out the secretions o Clinical effectiveness is somewhat questionable – absence of data to substantiate reduction of sputum viscosity as compared to placebo Examples:
  4. Guiafenesin – most popular
  5. Ammonium Cl – with serious adverse effects
  6. Iodides – with hypersensitivity issues