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Microbiology Exam 1 Newsome with Complete Solutions 100%, Exams of Microbiology

Virginia State University (VSU)Microbiology

Microbiology Exam 1 Newsome with Complete Solutions 100%

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/15/2025

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Microbiology Exam 1 Newsome with Complete
Solutions 100%
1. Microbiology: deals with living things too small to be seen without a microscope
2. Microorganisms: single cells or clumps of cells
3. Virus: "Viral agents" Not a cell -- live inside a euk/pro cell (no metabolism outside cell)
4. Eukaryotic Cell Size Comparison: Euk Cell --> Bacteria --> Virus
5. Anton van Leeuwhoek: invented the microscope -- first person to see bacteria 1600s
6. Louis Pasteur: Disproved spontaneous generation -- invented Pasteurization 1860s
7. Pasteurization: process of mild heating to kill susceptible spoilage microorgan- isms and vegetative pathogens --
does not kill spores
8. Vegetative State of Bacteria: metabolically active
9. Spore State of Bacteria: If in unfavorable environmental conditions, no longer multiplying or metabolically
active
10. Germ Theory: Thought that bacteria can cause specific diseases
11. Robert Koch: creator of Koch's Postulates 1870s
12. Koch's Postulates: criteria that must be met before one can say a disease is caused by a specific microorganism
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Download Microbiology Exam 1 Newsome with Complete Solutions 100% and more Exams Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Microbiology Exam 1 Newsome with Complete

Solutions 100%

1. Microbiology: deals with living things too small to be seen without a microscope

2. Microorganisms: single cells or clumps of cells

3. Virus: "Viral agents" Not a cell -- live inside a euk/pro cell (no metabolism outside cell)

4. Eukaryotic Cell Size Comparison: Euk Cell --> Bacteria --> Virus

5. Anton van Leeuwhoek: invented the microscope -- first person to see bacteria 1600s

6. Louis Pasteur: Disproved spontaneous generation -- invented Pasteurization 1860s

7. Pasteurization: process of mild heating to kill susceptible spoilage microorgan- isms and vegetative pathogens --

does not kill spores

8. Vegetative State of Bacteria: metabolically active

9. Spore State of Bacteria: If in unfavorable environmental conditions, no longer multiplying or metabolically

active

10. Germ Theory: Thought that bacteria can cause specific diseases

11. Robert Koch: creator of Koch's Postulates 1870s

12. Koch's Postulates: criteria that must be met before one can say a disease is caused by a specific microorganism

1. microbe found in every case of disease and absent in healthy individuals

2. microbe must be isolated from infected person and grown in pure culture

3. Inoculate a healthy host and observe the same resultant disease

4. Isolate same microbe from diseased host

13. Joseph Lister: applied Germ Theory to surgery by using chemical disinfectants on surgical instruments greatly

reducing number of post-surgical wound infections (late 1800s)

14. Chemotherapeutic Agents: Early 1900s, chemical that has chemotherapeutic value

15. Paul Erlich: German chemist who found cure for neurological syphilis (arsenic) early 1900s

16. Why is chemotherapy harmful?: It is not specific, so it can hurt good cells

17. Sulfa Drugs: prevents creation of folic acid thus inhibiting bacteria growth

18. Alexander Fleming: Scottish microbiologist credited for creation of antibiotics (late 1930s)

19. Penicillin: inhibits cell wall synthesis

20. Antibiotic (definition/functions): chemical substance from a microorganism that can inhibit/kill another

microbe even in minute amounts inhibition of: cell wall synthesis protein synthesis DNA synthesis metabolism

present

28. endotoxin: only associated with gram negative bacteria

29. exotoxin: released into the environment

30. Gram positive and gram negative: Gram positive -- thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

Gram negative -- much thinner layer of peptidoglycan

31. Cell Membrane: Euk cells just have cell membrane

2 layered structure composed of lipids and proteins (SEE DIAGRAM) movement of materials -- very important in treatment of diseases

32. Group Translocation: substance chemically altered in passage across mem- brane, usually put phosphate on it

33. Active transport: Use of energy to transfer across cell membrane, enters cell unchanged

34. Spores: hardiest of all life forms -- resistant to extreme hear, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that

easily kill vegetative cells

35. Clostridium tetani: exotoxin that prevents muscle relaxation -- first muscle group to be affected is jaw

(lockjaw)

36. Clostridium botulinum: exotoxin that causes a flaccid type of paralysis where you cannot contract muscles

37. Bacillus anthracis: anthrax -- "poor man's nuke"

38. catabolism (def/types/stages): yields energy using enzymes respiration or fermentation

Glycolysis --> breakdown of sugars

Krebs Cycle --> main products are NADH and FADH Electron Transport Chain --> located in membrane of mitochondria and cell mem- brane of bacteria

39. anabolism: uses energy to synthesize molecules using enzymes

40. enzymes: proteins that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction (end is -

ASE)

41. cofactors of enzymes: Metals and vitamins

42. influences on enzyme activity: heat, pH, substrate concentration

43. temp for pathogenic bacteria to function: 93.6 degrees F

44. Metabolic pathway: series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions

45. Catabolism for respiration/fermentation: PREFER carbohydrates (cheese- cake)

NOT PREFERRED lipids and proteins

46. Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen

glycolysis --> Krebs cycle --> respiratory chain --> O2 is final acceptor for electron

47. Anaerobic Respiration: does not require oxygen glycolysis -->

respiratory chain uses something other than O2 as terminal electron acceptor not as much energy generated and bacteria multiply slowly Tetanus/botulism

48. Anaerobic bacteria: do not grow fast produce odors