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Michigan !| Vertebrate !| Pest !| Management !| 7D !|
Exam !| with !| verified !| answers
Pest !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Any !| unwanted !| organism. Areas !| where !| vertebrates !| pests !| invade !| are: !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Schools, !| homes, !| businesses, !| warehouses, !| lawns, !| gardens, !| crops !| and !| anywhere !| they !| may !| poise !| a !| human !| health !| risk. Federal !| Insecticide, !| Fungicide, !| and !| Rodenticide !| Act !| (FIFRA) !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| basic !| federal !| law !| administered !| by !| the !| EPA !| that !| regulates !| pesticides !| (their !| use, !| handling, !| storage, !| transportation, !| sale, !| disposal, !| etc.) "General !| use" !| or !| "restricted !| use" !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Pesticides !| must !| be !| classified !| as !| one !| of !| these. Endangered !| Species !| Act !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Requires !| the !| U.S. !| EPA !| to !| ensure !| that !| endangered !| or !| threatened !| plants !| and !| animal !| species !| are !| protected !| from !| pesticides. Migratory !| Bird !| Treaty !| Act !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Federal !| act !| that !| protects !| all !| birds !| except !| pigeons, !| house !| sparrows, !| and !| starlings.
Depredation !| Permit !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Allows !| the !| permittee !| to !| control !| migratory !| birds !| that !| are !| clearly !| shown !| to !| cause !| or !| about !| to !| cause !| serious !| damage !| to !| agricultural, !| horticultural, !| or !| fish !| cultural !| interests. Red-winged, !| rusty, !| and !| Brewer's !| blackbird, !| cowbirds, !| all !| grackles, !| crows, !| and !| magpies !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| federal !| permit !| is !| not !| required !| to !| control !| these !| birds !| when !| found !| committing !| or !| about !| to !| commit !| depredation !| upon !| ornamental !| or !| shade !| trees, !| agricultural !| crops, !| livestock !| or !| wildlife, !| or !| when !| concentrated !| in !| such !| number !| and !| manners !| as !| to !| constitute !| a !| health !| hazard !| or !| other !| nuisance. Natural !| Resources !| and !| Environmental !| Protection !| Act, !| Act !| No. !| 451, !| Part !| 83, !| Pesticide !| Control !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔This !| legislation !| gives !| the !| director !| of !| the !| MDA !| authority !| to !| register !| or !| certify !| private !| and !| commercial !| applicators !| and !| to !| prescribe !| standards !| for !| certification !| and !| registration. Regulation !| 636 !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Establishes !| the !| types !| of !| certified !| applicators !| and !| expands !| the !| pesticide !| record-keeping !| requirements. Regulation !| 637 !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Establishes !| legal !| standards !| for !| pesticide !| use. !| It !| requires !| pesticides !| be !| used !| in !| a !| manner !| consistent !| with !| their !| labels, !| that !| applications !| be !| made !| in !| a !| manner !| that !| prevents !| off-target !| discharge, !| and !| that !| application !| equipment !| be !| properly !| calibrated !| and !| sound !| mechanical !| condition. Per !| regulation !| 637 !| each !| vehicle !| transporting !| pesticides !| must !| have !| this !| specific !| information !| printed !| on !| the !| exterior. !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔1. !| The !| name !| of !| the !| pesticide !| appliator !| firm
- !| Common-sense !| precautionary !| measures !| to !| the !| customer !| regarding !| pesticides.
- !| General !| information !| on !| the !| environmental !| fate !| of !| pesticides.
- !| Instructions !| to !| customers !| to !| discuss !| site !| preparations !| and !| precautionary !| measures !| with !| the !| pesticide !| applicator.
- !| Instructions !| to !| the !| customer !| to !| consult !| with !| a !| physician !| if !| an !| unusual !| reaction !| occurs. Material !| Safety !| Date !| Sheets !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Under !| Regulation !| 637 !| these !| must !| be !| provided !| to !| the !| customer !| if !| requested. The !| misrepresentation !| of !| pesticide !| safety !| is !| prohibited !| by !| Regulation !| 637. !|
- !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Such !| claims !| or !| statements !| that !| would !| imply !| that !| the !| pesticide !| is !| recommended !| or !| endorsed !| by !| federal !| or !| state !| agency. Regulation !| 637 !| requires !| commercial !| applicator !| training !| in !| integrated !| pest !| management !| (IPM). !| IPM !| elements !| include: !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔1. !| Site !| evaluation, !| description, !| inspection, !| and !| monitoring
- !| The !| concept !| of !| threshold !| levels
- !| The !| relationship !| between !| pest !| biology !| and !| pest !| management !| methods
- !| Pest !| population !| reduction !| (including !| mechanical, !| biological, !| and !| chemical !| techniques) !| and !| pest !| prevention !| (including !| habitat !| modification)
- !| The !| development !| and !| implementation !| of !| an !| IPM !| program !| with !| consideration !| for !| reducing !| the !| possible !| impact !| of !| pesticide !| use !| on !| human !| health !| and !| the !| environment.
- !| The !| evaluation !| of !| an !| IPM !| program !| to !| determine !| its !| effectiveness
- !| The !| record-keeping !| requirements !| of !| the !| IPM !| program.
Part !| 401 !| of !| Act !| 451, !| the !| Wildlife !| Conservation !| Order !| (WCO) !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| Michigan !| Dept !| of !| Natural !| Resources !| Wildlife !| Division !| administers !| a !| permit !| system !| for !| control !| of !| wildlife !| that !| are !| creating !| unreasonable !| property, !| crop, !| or !| livestock !| damage. General !| Wildlife !| Damage !| and !| Nuisance !| Control !| Permit !| (general !| permit) !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Issued !| to !| nuisance !| animal !| control !| businesses, !| agencies !| and !| organizations !| with !| licensed !| commercial !| applicators !| certified !| in !| Category !| 7A !| or !| 7D. Project !| Control !| Permit !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Specialized !| permit !| issued !| only !| to !| licensed !| pesticide !| applicators !| when !| pesticides !| are !| being !| proposed !| for !| outside !| of !| building !| in !| areas !| that !| are !| not !| recognized !| industrial !| areas !| for !| the !| control !| of !| feral !| pigeons, !| starlings, !| and !| English !| sparrows. Wildlife !| Damage !| Investigation !| and !| Control !| Permits !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Issued !| by !| a !| conservation !| officer !| or !| wildlife !| biologist !| to !| landowners, !| lessees, !| or !| their !| agents. Restricted !| Wildlife !| Damage !| and !| Nuisance !| Control !| Permit !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Issued !| to !| businesses, !| agencies, !| and !| organizations !| that !| are !| not !| licensed !| by !| the !| MDA !| as !| commercial !| pesticide !| applicators. !| These !| must !| be !| obtained !| from !| the !| DNR !| Wildlife !| Division !| office. The !| wild !| animals !| that !| permittees !| are !| authorized !| to !| take !| control !| measures !| on !| are: !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Coyotes, !| foxes, !| weasels, !| raccoons, !| skunks, !| opossums, !| woodchucks, !| muskrats, !| rabbits, !| squirrels, !| ground !| squirrels, !| non-
To !| control !| animal !| damage !| by !| species !| not !| covered !| under !| the !| general !| permit, !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔it !| is !| necessary !| to !| obtain !| a !| special !| permit !| or !| special !| authorization !| from !| the !| DNR. !| In !| general, !| the !| species !| that !| require !| special !| permits !| cause !| relatively !| few !| damage !| or !| nuisance !| problems !| that !| cannot !| be !| addressed !| during !| the !| regular !| hunting !| and !| trapping !| seasons, !| or !| are !| species !| of !| particular !| management !| interest. Sodium !| pentobarbital !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔An !| injection !| of !| this !| is !| considered !| by !| many !| to !| be !| the !| most !| humane !| method !| of !| euthanasia. !| The !| carcasses !| of !| animals !| euthanized !| by !| drugs, !| except !| for !| the !| hide !| when !| it !| may !| be !| legally !| sold, !| must !| be !| disposed !| of !| by !| burial, !| incineration, !| or !| disposal !| in !| a !| landfill. !| These !| carcasses !| cannot !| be !| sold !| or !| given !| away. An !| animal !| that !| has !| bitten !| a !| person !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔should !| be !| maintained !| in !| confinement !| until !| disposal !| instructions !| are !| provided !| by !| the !| health !| care !| professional. !| Under !| no !| circumstances !| should !| an !| animal !| that !| has !| bitten !| someone !| or !| is !| needed !| for !| rabies !| examination !| be !| shot !| in !| the !| head !| or !| subject !| to !| head !| trauma. Aboveground !| disposal, !| burial, !| or !| disposal !| via !| licensed !| dead !| animal !| dealer !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Ecologically !| these !| methods !| are !| preferred !| and !| encouraged !| over !| incineration !| or !| landfill !| methods !| for !| disposing !| of !| carcasses. Aboveground !| disposal !| requirements: !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔1. !| The !| carcass !| must !| be !| placed !| in !| a !| remote !| area !| that !| is !| at !| least !| 1,000 !| feet !| from !| any !| neighboring !| resident, !| or !| at !| a !| greater !| distance !| as !| necessary !| to !| prevent !| a !| nuisance !| odor !| condition.
- !| The !| carcass !| should !| not !| be !| placed !| within !| 20 !| feet !| of !| another !| carcass.
- !| The !| owner !| of !| the !| land !| must !| authorize !| placement !| of !| the !| carcass.
- !| The !| carcass !| must !| not !| come !| into !| contact !| with !| surface !| or !| groundwater. Belowground, !| individual !| grave !| requirements !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔1. !| The !| carcass !| must !| be !| covered !| by !| at !| least !| 2 !| feet !| of !| soil !| within !| 24 !| hours !| after !| burial.
- !| The !| carcass !| must !| not !| come !| into !| contact !| with !| surface !| or !| groundwater.
- !| The !| number !| of !| individual !| graves !| must !| not !| exceed !| 100 !| graves !| per !| acre.
- !| The !| grave !| must !| be !| located !| at !| least !| 200 !| feet !| from !| any !| groundwater !| well. Belowground, !| common !| grave !| requirements !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔1. !| The !| number !| of !| carcasses !| in !| a !| common !| grave !| should !| not !| exceed !| 250.
- !| Each !| individual !| carcass !| should !| be !| covered !| with !| at !| least !| 12 !| inches !| of !| soil !| within !| 24 !| hours !| after !| burial.
- !| The !| common !| grave !| should !| not !| remain !| open !| for !| more !| than !| 30 !| days !| and !| should !| have !| at !| least !| 4 !| feet !| of !| soil !| as !| final !| cover.
- !| The !| number !| of !| common !| graves !| should !| not !| exceed !| five !| graves !| per !| acre.
- !| The !| carcasses !| must !| not !| come !| into !| contact !| with !| surface !| or !| groundwater !| and !| must !| not !| be !| disposed !| of !| in !| a !| 100-year !| floodplain !| or !| wetland !| area !| as !| defined !| by !| the !| Solid !| Waste !| Management !| Act.
- !| The !| common !| grave !| must !| be !| located !| at !| least !| 200 !| feet !| from !| any !| groundwater !| well !| that !| is !| use !| to !| supply !| potable !| drinking !| water. 24 !| hours !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| person !| issued !| a !| Damage !| and !| Nuisance !| Animal !| Control !| Permit !| may !| hold !| an !| animal !| in !| captivity !| for !| no !| longer !| than !| this !| amount !| of !| time !| specifically !| for !| release !| or !| disposal.
Pigeons, !| starlings, !| and !| house !| sparrows !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| three !| birds !| most !| often !| becoming !| pests !| in !| the !| U.S. Accumulations !| of !| bird !| droppings !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| most !| serious !| health !| risks !| are !| from !| disease !| organisms !| growing !| here. Histoplasmosis !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| systemic !| fungal !| disease !| transmitted !| to !| humans !| by !| airborne !| mold !| spores !| from !| soil !| contaminated !| by !| pigeon !| and !| starling !| droppings. !| Infection !| is !| by !| inhalation !| of !| the !| spores !| which !| can !| be !| carried !| by !| wind, !| particularly !| after !| a !| roost !| has !| been !| disturbed. !| Most !| infections !| are !| mild !| and !| produce !| either !| no !| symptoms !| or !| a !| minor !| flulike !| illness. !| The !| disease !| can, !| on !| occasion, !| lead !| to !| high !| fever, !| blood !| abnormalities, !| pneumonia, !| and !| even !| death. !| 50 !| million !| people !| have !| had !| this !| disease !| or !| been !| exposed !| to !| it. Ocular !| histoplasmosis !| syndrome !| (OHS) !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| National !| Eye !| Institute !| (NEI) !| at !| the !| National !| Institutes !| of !| Health !| has !| reported !| a !| potentially !| blinding !| eye !| condition !| called !| this. Crtyptococcosis !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Pigeon !| droppings !| appear !| to !| be !| the !| most !| important !| source !| of !| the !| disease !| fungus. !| The !| fungus !| is !| typically !| found !| in !| accumulations !| of !| droppings !| in !| attics, !| cupolas, !| ledges, !| water !| towers, !| and !| other !| roosting !| and !| nesting !| sites !| on !| structures. !| There !| are !| two !| forms !| of !| the !| disease !| present !| in !| humans. !| The !| cutaneous !| forms !| is !| characterized !| by !| the !| acne-like !| skin !| eruptions !| or !| ulcers !| with !| nodules !| just !| under !| the !| skin. !| The !| generalized !| form !| begins !| with !| a !| lung !| infection !| and !| spreads !| to !| other !| areas !| of !| the !| body, !| particularly !| the !| central !| nervous !| system. !| It !| can !| be !| fatal.
Ectoparasites !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Can !| invade !| buildings. !| Some !| of !| these !| can !| bite !| and !| irritate. !| The !| northern !| fowl !| mite !| and !| chicken !| mite !| are !| usually !| the !| main !| culprit !| invading !| buildings !| from !| nesting !| and !| roosting !| sites. !| The !| nest !| bug !| (a !| type !| of !| bedbug) !| may !| cause !| problems !| inside !| of !| buildings. Bird !| droppings !| under !| windowsills, !| "whitewashing" !| down !| a !| building !| face, !| or !| accumulating !| on !| sidewalks !| and !| steps !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| most !| obvious !| problem !| associated !| with !| large !| roosts. !| This !| accumulation !| of !| debris !| can !| attract !| insect !| pests !| such !| as !| carpet !| beetles !| and !| other !| dermestids, !| spider !| beetles, !| and !| mealworms. Rats !| can !| taste !| these !| at !| a !| part-per !| million !| concentration. !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Chemicals. Be !| made !| according !| to !| the !| product !| label !| and !| under !| the !| restrictions !| that !| apply !| under !| FIFRA. !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Pigeons, !| starlings, !| and !| house !| sparrows !| are !| not !| directly !| protected !| at !| the !| federal !| levels, !| but !| applications !| of !| toxicants !| or !| repellents !| must: Section !| 5.53 !| of !| the !| Wildlife !| Conservation !| Order !| (WCO) !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Under !| this !| pesticides !| may !| be !| used !| to !| control !| English !| sparrows, !| feral !| pigeons, !| and !| starlings !| only !| when !| applied !| to !| the !| exterior !| of !| buildings !| and !| other !| structures !| in !| recognized !| industrial !| areas !| of !| cities. !| When !| pesticides !| are !| being !| used !| to !| control !| these !| three !| pest !| birds !| in !| outside-of-building !| non- industrial !| areas, !| it !| is !| necessary !| to !| obtain !| a !| Project !| Control !| Permit !| from !| the !| DNR !| Wildlife !| Division !| for !| each !| project.
The !| most !| cost-effective !| method !| of !| nest !| destruction. !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Spray !| high-pressure !| streams !| of !| water !| from !| fire-fighting !| equipment !| or !| other !| high-pressure !| water !| lines. !| This !| method !| destroys !| the !| nest, !| eliminates !| ectoparasites, !| cleans !| droppings !| and !| feathers !| from !| the !| nest !| site, !| and !| harasses !| the !| roosting !| birds. Netting !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Especially !| useful !| in !| warehouses !| and !| around !| mechanical !| equipment !| areas !| where !| aesthetics !| are !| of !| minor !| consideration. !| It !| has !| been !| used !| successfully !| on !| cooling !| towers. !| Plastic !| ones !| have !| replaced !| metal !| and !| fiber !| ones !| in !| bird !| control. !| The !| most !| effective !| method !| for !| controlling !| bird !| damage, !| however, !| there !| is !| a !| high !| labor !| cost !| for !| installing !| and !| removing. !| Usually !| most !| cost !| effective !| for !| the !| most !| valuable !| crops. Custom-designed !| ramps !| or !| covers !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Made !| for !| ledges, !| window !| air-conditioning !| units !| and !| roof !| edges !| but !| are !| high !| cost !| and !| best !| when !| aesthetics !| are !| an !| important !| consideration. Spikes !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Also !| known !| as !| porcupine !| wire !| can !| stop !| birds !| from !| roosting !| on !| ledges. Sticky !| repellents !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Tacky !| gels !| or !| liquids. !| After !| a !| few !| attempts, !| the !| birds !| stop !| trying !| to !| land !| on !| treated !| surfaces. Ultrasonic !| devices !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Do !| not !| work !| against !| birds. Trapping !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Especially !| effective !| against !| pigeons. !| Best !| done !| in !| the !| winter !| when !| their !| food !| is !| at !| a !| minimum. !| In !| the !| first !| few !| weeks,
!| scatter !| small !| quantities !| of !| bait !| throughout !| the !| area !| to !| start !| the !| bird !| feeding !| and !| determine !| best !| sites !| for !| this !| method. !| Leave !| one !| or !| two !| decoy !| birds. !| Starlings !| are !| not !| good !| candidates !| for !| this !| method. Sparrow !| traps !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Most !| effective !| when !| placed !| on !| the !| ground. Rats !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Are !| wary !| of !| anything !| new !| in !| their !| territory. Avitrol !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| poison !| bait !| with !| flock-alarming !| properties !| used !| to !| control !| many !| kinds !| of !| birds. !| There !| are !| different !| baits !| for !| each !| pest !| bird !| species !| - !| whole !| corn !| for !| pigeons. !| The !| goal !| for !| prebaiting !| is !| to !| get !| at !| least !| 40% !| of !| the !| birds !| to !| accept !| the !| untreated !| bait. !| Expect !| the !| effort !| to !| take !| from !| three !| days !| to !| three !| weeks. !| Cardinals, !| blue !| jays, !| doves, !| and !| certain !| other !| seed-eating !| birds !| also !| eat !| whole !| corn. Fenthion !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| toxicant !| hazardous !| to !| all !| birds !| and !| animals, !| including !| humans. !| By !| law, !| dead !| birds !| must !| be !| picked !| up, !| buried, !| or !| burned. Ornitrol !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔"Birth !| control" !| for !| pigeons. !| When !| fed !| to !| pigeons, !| it !| inhibits !| ovulation !| in !| the !| female !| and !| sperm !| production !| in !| male. !| The !| manufacturer !| recommends !| applications !| for !| 10 !| days !| two !| times !| per !| year-in !| the !| early !| spring !| (March) !| and !| late !| summer !| or !| early !| fall. !| Prebaiting !| with !| whole !| corn !| for !| a !| week !| will !| usually !| be !| necessary !| to !| achieve !| bait !| acceptance. !| Most !| birds !| eating !| this !| would !| be !| temporarily !| sterilized, !| so !| care !| must !| be !| taken !| to !| avoid !| feeding !| non-target !| species.
Controlling !| insect !| populations !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Doing !| this !| in !| field !| crops !| may !| sometimes !| reduce !| the !| pest !| bird !| populations !| that !| feed !| on !| them. Rats !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Caused !| more !| human !| suffering !| and !| more !| economic !| damage !| than !| any !| other !| vertebrate !| pest. !| They !| are !| responsible !| for !| the !| spread !| of !| many !| diseases. rat !| populations !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| key !| is !| to !| control !| this, !| not !| individual !| rats. House !| mouse !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Easily !| adapts !| to !| life !| with !| people. Rat-bite !| fever !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔In !| some !| cases, !| victims, !| particularly !| infants !| and !| bed-confined !| elderly !| persons, !| are !| bitten !| in !| the !| face !| while !| sleeping. !| In !| most !| cases, !| exhibits !| mild !| symptoms !| similar !| to !| those !| of !| the !| flu, !| it !| can !| be !| fatal. !| It !| is !| of !| particular !| risk !| to !| infants. Salmonella !| food !| poisoning !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Can !| be !| spread !| when !| some !| foods !| are !| contaminated !| with !| infected !| rodent !| feces. !| Mice !| are !| probably !| more !| responsible !| than !| rats !| for !| the !| spread !| of !| this !| disease. !| Symptoms !| may !| include !| headache, !| stomach !| pain, !| diarrhea, !| and !| a !| low !| grade !| fever. Leptospirosis !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| disease !| organisms !| are !| spread !| from !| rodent !| urine !| into !| water !| or !| food, !| and !| they !| enter !| humans !| through !| mucous !| membranes !| or !| minute !| cuts !| and !| abrasions !| of !| the !| skin. !| The !| disease !| may !| be !| mild !| or !| unnoticed !| or !| may !| cause !| mild !| aches, !| pains, !| and !| fever. !| More !| serious !| cases, !| often !| referred !| to !| as !| Weil's !| disease, !| can !| results !| in !| high !| fever, !| jaundice,
!| aseptic !| meningitis, !| acute !| kidney !| failure, !| internal !| bleeding, !| and !| occasionally !| death. !| The !| mouse !| can !| be !| a !| major !| carrier !| of !| this !| disease. Rabies !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Rats !| in !| native !| habitats !| have !| not !| been !| found !| infected !| with !| this. !| Transmission !| from !| rats !| to !| humans !| has !| never !| been !| documented !| in !| the !| U.S. Plague !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔The !| disease !| is !| transmitted !| to !| humans !| primarily !| by !| the !| Oriental !| rat !| flea. !| Although !| no !| major !| outbreak !| has !| occurred !| sine !| 1924, !| this !| is !| not !| a !| disease !| of !| the !| past. !| In !| the !| bubonic !| form, !| symptoms !| include !| the !| sudden !| onset !| of !| fever !| with !| painful !| swelling !| on !| the !| lymph !| nodes. !| If !| the !| infection !| spreads !| to !| the !| lungs !| (pneumoic), !| it !| produces !| pneumonia !| that !| is !| highly !| contagious !| and !| often !| fatal. Murine !| typhus !| fever !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| relatively !| mild !| disease !| in !| humans. !| As !| with !| plague, !| this !| is !| transmitted !| from !| rats !| to !| humans !| by !| a !| rat !| flea. !| In !| this !| case, !| however, !| the !| disease !| organism !| enters !| the !| bloodstream !| when !| feces !| of !| infected !| fleas !| are !| scratched !| into !| a !| flea-bite !| wound. !| Symptoms !| may !| include !| fever, !| severe !| headache, !| and !| rash. Trichinosis !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔This !| results !| from !| a !| nematode, !| a !| tiny !| round- worm, !| that !| invades !| intestines !| and !| muscle !| tissue. !| Both !| people !| and !| rats !| get !| the !| disease !| from !| eating !| raw !| or !| undercooked !| port !| infected !| with !| the !| nematode. !| Rats !| help !| spread !| this !| when !| hogs !| eat !| food !| or !| garbage !| contaminated !| with !| infested !| rat !| droppings. !| Symptoms !| may !| include !| vomiting, !| diarrhea, !| and !| abdominal !| pain.
20 !| young !| (four !| to !| six !| at !| a !| time) !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| mature !| female !| rate !| can !| give !| birth !| to !| about !| this !| many. Norway !| rats !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔1. !| Can !| compress !| and !| squeeze !| through !| 1/2 !| inch !| high !| opening.
- !| Only !| need !| about !| 1 !| ounce !| of !| food !| daily.
- !| Prefer !| protein-based !| foods !| such !| as !| meat, !| fish, !| insects, !| pet !| food, !| nuts !| and !| grains. !| Household !| garbage !| is !| ideal. Hoarding !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔This !| is !| important !| for !| two !| reasons. !| 1. !| Rats !| may !| be !| moving !| toxic !| bait !| into !| a !| location !| where !| the !| label !| doesn't !| permit !| it !| to !| be. !| 2. !| Rats !| may !| be !| hoarding !| on !| poison !| bait !| while !| feeding !| on !| their !| regular !| food. Rats !| commonly !| travel !| how !| far !| from !| their !| nest !| looking !| for !| food !| and !| water !| and !| patrolling !| their !| territory. !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔ 100 !| - !| 150 !| feet Norway !| rats !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Usually !| nest !| in !| burrows !| dug !| into !| the !| ground. !| Extra !| "bolt !| holes" !| are !| made !| for !| emergency !| escapes. !| Burrow !| openings !| are !| 2-4 !| inches !| in !| diameter. !| Indoors, !| these !| rats !| nest !| inside !| walls, !| in !| the !| space !| between !| floors !| and !| ceilings, !| under !| equipment, !| between !| and !| under !| pallets, !| and !| in !| crawl !| spaces, !| storage !| rooms, !| and !| cluttered !| areas !| that !| are !| normally !| unoccupied. Hotel !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| Norway !| rat !| nest !| site !| away !| from !| its !| home. !| Rats !| may !| have !| several. !| Norway !| rats !| have !| been !| shown !| on !| occasion !| to !| have !| a !|
home !| range !| of !| up !| to !| 20 !| acres !| when !| these !| secondary !| nest !| sites !| were !| included !| in !| calculations. Stethoscope !| or !| electronic !| listening !| device !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Equipment !| used !| to !| inspect !| and !| help !| pinpoint !| rat !| activity. Female !| rats !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Become !| wary !| of !| rodenticides !| or !| traps, !| many !| of !| her !| young !| will !| learn !| to !| avoid !| them. 50 !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔A !| single !| rat !| may !| produce !| this !| many !| droppings !| daily. !| Norway !| rat !| droppings !| are !| 3/4 !| inch !| long. !| The !| highest !| number !| will !| be !| found !| where !| rats !| rest !| or !| feed. !| Fresh !| droppings !| are !| black !| or !| nearly !| black. Urine !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔These !| stains !| will !| glow !| blue-white !| under !| an !| ultraviolet !| light !| (blacklight). Tracking !| patch !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔This !| is !| a !| light !| dusting !| of !| an !| inert !| material !| such !| as !| clay, !| talc, !| or !| powdered !| limestone. !| Track !| the !| path !| of !| rats !| by !| placing !| this !| is !| suspected !| areas !| to !| show !| footprints. !| If !| footprints !| lead !| to !| burrows !| fill !| a !| burrow !| opening !| with !| a !| small !| amount !| of !| wadded-up !| newspaper !| or !| a !| few !| leaves !| and !| cover !| it !| with !| loose !| soil. !| If !| rats !| still !| use !| the !| burrow, !| they !| will !| reopen !| and !| clear !| the !| hole !| overnight. Medium !| rat !| infestation !| - !| Correct !| answer !| ✔Old !| droppings !| and !| gnawings !| can !| be !| observed. !| One !| or !| more !| rats !| are !| seen !| at !| night. !| No !| rats !| seen !| during !| the !| day.
