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Indole Indoline Pyrrolidine VINCRISTINE Indole ring (double bond in the 5-membered ring containing nitrogen) Indoline- no double bond BLEOMYCIN Pyrimidine- a ring structure composed of 4 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms (meta position) Pyrazine- a ring structure containing 4 atoms of carbon and 2 of nitrogen (para position) Pyranose- 6 - membered ring system consisting of 5 carbon atoms with 1 oxygen atom Furanose- 5 - membered ring consisting of 4 carbon atoms with 1 oxygen atom Thiazole- a ring structure composed of 3 carbon atoms, 1 nitrogen atom, and 1 sulfur atom Imidazole- a ring structure composed of 3 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms at nonadjacent positions Pyrimidine Imidazole Thiazole Pyranose
Quinoline Pyridine Piperidine DRUG METABOLISM: Phase 1 metabolites – POLAR but retain some non-polarity character therefore they are able to cross cellular membranes than phase 2. (Phase 2 are much polar; exceptions: Acetylated and Methylated metabolites) Least likely excretion product of Aspirin: Glycine conjugate (carboxylic acid) Ester glucuronide (carboxylic acid) Unchanged drug (aspirin is metabolized in the body) Hydroxylated metabolite (aromatic ring system; Ester undergoes hydrolysis) Carboxylic acid Aromatic Ring Ester *hydroxylation – attachment of OH in the para position Glucuronysyltransferase – resp for the glucuronidation phase 2 rxn (infants are not capable of glucuronidation bec the enzyme is still underdeveloped; gray baby syndrome – chloramphenicol) N- acetyltransferase – acetylation (phase 2) Azoreductase= Azoreduction (phase 1) – nitrogen double bonded w another nitrogen Methyltransferase – methylation (phase 2) NOT A THERAPEUTIC ADV OF THE USE OF PRODRUG: POTENCY *Prodrug- once metabolized, it’ll become active, potency will not change whatever is the active form of the prodrug Therapeutic advantages of prodrugs: § Oral absorption § Water sol § Duration of action ORAL (PO) ROUTE- subject to first-pass metab in the liver Terms used to describe the metabolic reaction:
MEFLOQUINE
Benzodiazepine Barbiturate (Clonazepam) Aryloxypropanolamine (Atenolol) *beta blockers- chem classifies as aryloxypropanolamine ESSENTIAL FOR THE CHOLINERGIC ACT: § Ethylene bridge § Quaternary amine § Ester fxnl grp STABILITY AGAINST HYDROLYSIS: Addition of Methyl group to provide steric hindrance: Carbamates – stable to hydrolysis (carbachol) Replacement of ester grp w carbamate grp: Prevents hydrolysis of acetoxy portion (Methacholine) *Replacement of ester with ether group (results to loss of activity) PETIT MAL/ Absence seizure (DOC: ethoxusimide – chem class: Succimides) Hydantoin – chem class of phenytoin Alpha blocker that does not contain quinazoline structure: TAMSULOSIN (ONLY non-quinazoline alpha blocker) TAMSULOSIN: used for BPH (Benign prostatic hyperplasia) *ZOSINs are alpha blockers with quinazoline (Prazosin, Terazosin, Alfuzosin, etc) Phenylalkylamine – verapamil Benzothiazepine – dialthiazem Dihydropyridine – nifedipine (all ends with dipine; CCBs) Sulfamoylanthranilic acid – Furosemide Benzothiazide – HCTZ NaOH + Methenamine = formaldehyde *Methenamine is said to be converted to formaldehyde in the urinary tract (acts as urinary antiseptic) *Methenamine acts as a prodrug of formaldehyde Selective toxicity – prop of chemicals to destroy one form of life w/ o harming other A SUBSTANCE IS CLASSIFIED AS AN ANTIBIOTIC IF:
- it is a product of metab (although it may be replicated or even anticipated by chem synthesis)
- a synthetic product produced as a structural analogue of naturally occurring antibiotic
- it antagonizes the growth or the survival of one or more species of microorganism
- it is effective in low conc PHASE 2 METAB
- allows the attachment of small, polar & ionizable endogenous molecules MOA: prevents the metab of catecholamines by blocking monoamine oxidases
- allows termination of biologic act
- serves to protect the body against chem reactive compounds or metabolites VOLATILE SUBSTANCE THAT IS ADMINISTERED BY INHALATION: Halothane (Inhalational anesthetic agent) Thiopental & Alprazolam: IV Prototype Tricyclic Antidepressant with anti-muscarinic prop: IMIPRAMINE (nocturnal enuresis/ bed wetting) Phenelzine – MAOI Fluoxetine – SSRI Tranylcypromine – MAOI NOT A TERTIARY AMINE ANTIDEPRESSANT: Desipramine (secondary amine antidep) *Secondary amine: ends w the term “triptyline” except Desipramine *Tertiary: ends w “pramine” except Amitriptyline Termination of heparin act by protamine is the result of: Acid- base interaction or Neutralization *heparin – acidic *protamine – basic SAR can be altered by the ff parameters: § Stereochemistry § Specific functional groups § Isosteric substitution Salt form of the drug – affects pharmacokinetic prop of a drug Agent composed of a STEROID NUCLEUS, UNSATURATED LACTONE and SACCHARIDE units: DIGOXIN *DIGOXIN is a cardiac glycoside Nifedipine – no saccharide unit; dihydropyridine (DHP) Cholestyramine – bile acid sequestrant/ bile acid binding resin Warfarin – coumarin anticoagulant; no saccharide unit Source of sulfate during metabolism: PAPS (3’ – phosphoadenosyl – 5’ – phosphosulfate) Most difficult to hydrolyze: CARBAMATE *Ester – thioester – amide – carbamate HIPPURIC ACID – glycine conjugate of benzoic acid Povidone – NON-IONIC surfactant *Cationic surfactant: first name is longer (ex. Benzalkonium chloride) *Anionic surfactant: second name is longer (ex. Sodium dodesylsulfate) Not absolute Side effects of steroids are minimized if given INHALATION *Inhalation effect of steroid: ORAL THRUSH – yeast inf/ overgrowth of yeast MOST POTENT ANTIBAC ALCOHOL: Primary *Primary – sec – ter Sulfate groups of SURAMIN – 6 (SUR-ANIM hehez) Miconazole – IMIDAZOLE
Sulbactam – ampicillin Robert Koch – germ theory; father of modern bacteriology Methenamine (Urotropin) § Treat UTI where it is degraded in acidic urine, liberating formaldehyde as the active agent § Should be administered w a urinary acidifier to activate the drug Urinary acidifiers: Ammonium chloride; Monobasic sodium phosphate Fxnl group resp. for the toxicity of chloramphenicol: NITRO (metabolized via reduction= produces amine to prevent its toxicity) Examples of naturally- occurring methylxanthines: § Theophylline – 1, 3 - dimethylxanthine § Theobromine – 3, 7 - dimethylxanthine § Caffeine – 1, 3, 7 - trimethylxantine AMPHETAMINE: not naturally-occuring *hydrogenase – belong to CYP 450 CYP – 450 - most impt component of the mixed fxn oxidase system Binding of drugs to serum proteins like albumin: PROTEIN BINDING Hydrolysis – cleavage of all molecules by the use of water Proteolysis – breakdown of proteins and peptides into amino acids Biotransformation – metabolism DRUG- RECEPTOR COMPLEX – formed when drug was combined to a receptor in order to elicit pharmacologic response Antiseptics – prevent infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganism when applied to LIVING TISSUES Disinfectants - prevent infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganism when applied to INANIMATE OBJECTS MECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION: § Halogenation – halogens (ex. Chlorine and bromine) § Oxidation – oxidizing agents (ex. Hydrogen peroxide) § Protein precipitation – heavy metals (ex. Silver) Gentamicin is isolated from: Micromonospora purpurea Aztreonam: Chromobacterium violaceum Mupirocin: Pseudomonas fluorescens 4 - aminoquinoline: CHLOROQUINE and AMOQUINOLINE 8 - aminoquinoline: PRIMAQUINE, QUINOLINE METHANOLS, QUININE SULFONAMIDE NITROGEN (NHR^2 ): § Either Primary or Secondary What will happen if you remove the oxygen bridge of the drug? NO CHANGE. *MORPHINANS – series of compounds that was produced when the oxygen bridge is removed (ex. Levorphanol) Analog of Adenosine: DIDANOSINE(ddI): deoxyadenosine; I: INOSINE (precursor of adenosine) Thymidine analog: § Stavudine (d4T)
§ Zidovudine (AZT) Cytosine analog: § Lamivudine (3TC) § Zalcitabine (ddC) *3rd letter will tell the analog type. *Exception GUANOSINE ANALOG: Abacavir (ABC) walang kinalaman yung letter C Demeclocycline: INTERMEDIATE ACTING TETRACYCLINE Oxytetracycline: SHORT ACTING Tigecycline: VERY LONG ACTING Minocycline and Doxycycline: LONG ACTING Transition state inhibitors: § Zanamivir (^) Neuraminidase inhibitor § (^) Oseltamivir § (^) Aliskiren – renin inhibitor DOC for acute attack of PLASMODIUM VIVAX – CHLOROQUINE Radical cure for malaria – PRIMAQUINE Drug that has LITTLE to NO sedative qualities: ASTEMIZOLE (2nd^ gen antihistamine) *first gen antihistamines: more sedating § Tripelennamine § Diphenhydramine § Promethazine Example of Androgen: FLUOXYMESTERONE Megestrol acetate: Progesterone Quinestrol (Ester of Ethinyl Estradiol) and Ethinyl Estradiol: (Estrogen derivative) Prednisone: GLUCOCORTICOID AROMATASE INHIBITORS: § Exemestane – steroidal § Anastrozole – non- steroidal § Letrozole – non- steroidal Steroidal aromatase Inhibitor: EXEMESTANE Non- steroidal: ANASTROZOLE and LETROZOLE (Triazole Non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors) What do sulfonamides mimic when acting as enzyme inhibitors? PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid) 2 nd^ gen anti- psychotics: § Clozapine § Loxapine § Aripiprazole § Quetiapine Pentazocine: BENZOMORPHAN (always end with “zocinE”) Alfentanil: Phenylpiperidines (“fentanil” sa name) Levorphanol/ Levomorphan: Morphinans
ATROPINE ERGOT DERIVATIVE
MORPHINE NICOTINE
FURAN
