Language of research, Lecture notes of Social Sciences

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THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH

DICKSON P. PAGENTE, LPT, PhD

College Instructor | Research Director

College Department, SAIT

What are Variables? VARIABLE – a construct, attribute, or characteristics of

individuals that researchers study (Ary et al., 2010; Cresswell,

Examples: academic performance vocabulary level study habits intelligence motivation spelling test scores learning interests height computer game addiction social class gender income (for Quantitative Studies)

What are Variables? (for Quantitative Studies)

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES ACCORDING TO USE:

1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – an antecedent to dependent

variables and are known or hypothesized to influence the

dependent variable, which is the outcome.

2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE – the consequence or outcome of

the independent variable. It can possibly be affected or not by

the independent variable.

INDEPENDENT

VARIABLE

DEPENDENT

VARIABLE

What are Variables? (for Quantitative Studies) In an experimental research, the treatment is the independent variable and the outcome is the dependent variable. For example: The Effect of the Use of Traditional Teaching Strategies and Educational Technology on the Academic Achievement (title of the study) USE OF TRADITIONAL TEACHING STRATEGIES USE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT (GRADES) INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE

What are Variables? (for Quantitative Studies) In some other cases, it is difficult to tell whether the variable is independent or dependent because one independent variable may become a dependent variable to another independent variable. For example: STUDY HABITS

ACADEMIC

ACHIEVEMENT

(GRADES)

EMOTIONAL

WELLBEING

STUDY HABITS

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE STUDY HABITS

ACADEMIC

ACHIEVEMENT

(GRADES)

EMOTIONAL

WELLBEING

STUDY HABITS

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

What are Variables? (for Quantitative Studies) INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE So, if you are to classify variables into independent or dependent, check whether which one precedes the other and / or if the relationship or connection of these variables makes sense or logical. The best example to illustrate this is found below. TYPHOON CROPS It is just logical to say that typhoon affects or damages (or not) the crops, and not the other way around. CROPS TYPHOON INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Variables

• (^) INTERVENING / MEDIATING VARIABLES – stand between the independent and dependent variables, and they mediate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. (for Quantitative Studies)

STUDY HABITS

ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE

HEALTH

CONDITION

Input and Output Relationship

INPUT OUTPUT

COHABITATION

INTERVENTION

PLAN

MENTAL

HOSPITAL

CONDITION

FIVE – YEAR

DEVELOPMENT

PLAN

For Descriptive Studies

LEVEL OF

FINANCIAL

LITERACY

FINANCIAL

LITERACY

SEMINARS

Identification of Variables

• (^) The Effect of Alcoholism on the Grade Point Average (GPA) of

Senior High Students

ALCOHOLISM GPA

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

• (^) Financial Management Practices and Wellness of the Employees of San Agustin Institute of Technology FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Financial) Wellness INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Identification of Variables

• (^) Factors Affecting Office Administration Students’ Competency in

Stenography

FACTORS COMPETENCY IN STENOGRAPHY INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

• (^) Instructional Materials: Its Influence on the Learning Interest of Grade 7 Students INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS LEARNING INTEREST INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE