Download Isye 6501 Final exam Questions and Answers (Solved Papers) and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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1-norm - Correct Answers ✅Similar to rectilinear distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from the origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an m-dimensional space, then it's 1- norm is square root(|𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧𝑚| = |𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧| = Σm over i=1 |𝑧𝑖| A/B Testing - Correct Answers ✅testing two alternatives to see which one performs better 2-norm - Correct Answers ✅Similar to Euclidian distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from the origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an 𝑚-dimensional space, then its 2- norm is the same as 1-norm but everything is squared= square root(Σm over i=1 (|𝑧𝑖|)^2) Accuracy - Correct Answers ✅Fraction of data points correctly classified by a model; equal to TP+TN / TP+FP+TN+FN Action - Correct Answers ✅In ARENA, something that is done to an entity.
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Additive Seasonality - Correct Answers ✅Seasonal effect that is added to a baseline value (for example, "the temperature in June is 10 degrees above the annual baseline"). Adjusted R-squared - Correct Answers ✅Variant of R2 that encourages simpler models by penalizing the use of too many variables. AIC - Correct Answers ✅Akaike information criterion- Model selection technique that trades off between model fit and model complexity. When comparing models, the model with lower AIC is preferred. Generally penalizes complexity less than BIC. Algorithm - Correct Answers ✅Step-by-step procedure designed to carry out a task. Analysis of Variance/ANOVA - Correct Answers ✅Statistical method for dividing the variation in observations among different sources. Approximate dynamic program - Correct Answers ✅Dynamic programming model where the value functions are approximated.
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interchangeable with "feature", and often with "covariate" or "predictor". In the standard tabular format, a column of data. Autoregression - Correct Answers ✅Regression technique using past values of time series data as predictors of future values. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) - Correct Answers ✅Time series model that uses differences between observations when data is nonstationary. Also called Box-Jenkins. Backward elimination - Correct Answers ✅Variable selection process that starts with all variables and then iteratively removes the least-immediately-relevant variables from the model. Balanced Design - Correct Answers ✅Set of combinations of factor values across multiple factors, that has the same number of runs for all combinations of levels of one or more factors. Balking - Correct Answers ✅An entity arrives to the queue, sees the size of the line (or some other attribute), and decides to leave the system.
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Bayes' theorem/Bayes' rule - Correct Answers ✅Fundamental rule of conditional probability: 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)=𝑃(𝐵|𝐴)*𝑃(𝐴) / 𝑃(𝐵) Bayesian Information criterion (BIC) - Correct Answers ✅Model selection technique that trades off model fit and model complexity. When comparing models, the model with lower BIC is preferred. Generally penalizes complexity more than AIC. Bayesian Regression - Correct Answers ✅Regression model that incorporates estimates of how coefficients and error are distributed. Bellman's Equation - Correct Answers ✅Equation used in dynamic programming that ensures optimality of a solution. Bernoulli Distribution - Correct Answers ✅Discrete probability distribution where the outcome is binary, either 0 or 1. Often, 1 represents success and 0 represents failure. The probability of the outcome being 1 is 𝑝 and the probability of outcome being 0 is 𝑞 = 1 −𝑝, where 𝑝 is between 0 and 1. Bias - Correct Answers ✅Systematic difference between a true parameter of a population and its estimate.
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reasonable ranges of variability ("whiskers"), and points (possible outliers) outside those ranges. Box-Cox Transformation - Correct Answers ✅Transformation of a non-normally-distributed response to a normal distribution. Branching - Correct Answers ✅Splitting a set of data into two or more subsets, to each be analyzed separately. CART - Correct Answers ✅Classification and regression trees. Categorical Data - Correct Answers ✅Data that classifies observations without quantitative meaning (for example, colors of cars) or where quantitative amounts are categorized (for example, "0-10, 11-20, ..."). Causation - Correct Answers ✅Relationship in which one thing makes another happen (i.e., one thing causes another). Chance Constraint - Correct Answers ✅A probability-based constraint. For example, a standard linear constraint might be 𝐴x≤𝑏. A similar chance constraint might be Pr (𝐴x≤𝑏) ≥0.
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Change Detection - Correct Answers ✅Identifying when a significant change has taken place in a process. Classification - Correct Answers ✅The separation of data into two or more categories, or (a point's classification) the category a data point is put into. Classification tree - Correct Answers ✅Tree-based method for classification. After branching to split the data, each subset is analyzed with its own classification model. Classifier - Correct Answers ✅A boundary that separates the data into two or more categories. Also (more generally) an algorithm that performs classification. Clique - Correct Answers ✅A set of nodes where each pair is connected by an arc. Cluster - Correct Answers ✅A group of points identified as near/similar to each other.
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Confusion matrix - Correct Answers ✅Visualization of classification model performance. Constant - Correct Answers ✅A number that remains the same. constraint - Correct Answers ✅Part of an optimization model that describes a restriction on the solution (the values of the variables). Contextual outlier - Correct Answers ✅A data point that is (uncommonly) far from other data points related to it - for example, in Atlanta, a 90-degree (Fahrenheit) day in winter is an outlier, but a 90-degree day in summer is not. continuous-time simulation - Correct Answers ✅A simulation that models a system continuously, at every instant of time; continuous-time simulation models are often based on differential equations. Control - Correct Answers ✅(1) A variable whose value remains constant for all runs of an experiment, so changes in this variable don't affect the experiment. (2) Design an experiment where some
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factors ("controls" by definition (1)) are held constant to avoid them affecting the outcome. Convex function - Correct Answers ✅A function f() where for every two points 𝑥 and 𝑦, 𝑓(𝑐x+ (1−𝑐)𝑦) ≤ 𝑐f(𝑥) + (1−𝑐)𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑐 between 0 and 1. In two dimensions, this means if the points (𝑥,𝑓(𝑥)) and (𝑦,𝑓(𝑦)) are connected with a straight line, the line is always above [or equal to] the function's curve between those two points. If 𝑓() is convex, then −𝑓() is concave. Convex Hull (of a set of points) - Correct Answers ✅Smallest convex shape that the set of points is contained in. Convex Optimization model - Correct Answers ✅An optimization model where the objective function is to minimize a convex function (or maximize a concave function) and the constraints define a convex set of feasible solutions. Convex Quadratic Function - Correct Answers ✅A second-order polynomial function that is convex.
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Covariate - Correct Answers ✅A characteristic or measurement that can be used to estimate the value of something - for example, a person's height or the color of a car. A "feature" or "attribute"; in the standard tabular format, a column of data. Cross-validation - Correct Answers ✅Validation technique where a model is tested on data different from what it was trained on. CUSUM - Correct Answers ✅Change detection method that compares observed distribution mean with a threshold level of change. Data Point - Correct Answers ✅Observation/record of (perhaps multiple) measurements for a single member of a population or data set. In the standard tabular format, a row of data. Decision - Correct Answers ✅Choice of action. Decision Point - Correct Answers ✅Place in a simulation where there is a branch (or decision to be made or observed).
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Decision Tree - Correct Answers ✅Tree-based method for decision-making. After branching to split the data, each subset is analyzed with its own decision model (or just has its own decision applied). Deep Learning - Correct Answers ✅Neural network-type model with many hidden layers. Descriptive Analytics - Correct Answers ✅Loosely speaking, the use of analytics to explain or describe what has happened. Design of Experiments - Correct Answers ✅Choosing a set of tests to be made to find the effect of input variables on an outcome. Deterministic Simulation - Correct Answers ✅Simulation with no randomness/uncertainty, so results are the same each run Detrending - Correct Answers ✅Removal of trend, such as a change in the mean over time, from time-series data. Diagnostics odds ratio - Correct Answers ✅Ratio of the odds that a data point in a certain category is correctly classified by a model,
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Distribution-fitting - Correct Answers ✅Determining whether a set of data seems to follow a certain probability distribution, or determining which of several distributions the data is close to. Double exponential smoothing - Correct Answers ✅Two- parameter exponential smoothing technique that incorporates trend. Dynamic programming - Correct Answers ✅Optimization approach that involves making a sequence of decisions over time, based on the current state of a system. Earth - Correct Answers ✅Name of many implementations of multi-adaptive regression spline (MARS) model, because "MARS" is a trademark. Edge - Correct Answers ✅Connection between two nodes/vertices in a network. In a network model, there is a variable for each edge, equal to the amount of flow on the arc, and (optionally) a capacity constraint on the edge's flow. Also called an arc.
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Eigenvalue - Correct Answers ✅Amount by which an eigenvector gets rescaled in a linear transformation. Eigenvector - Correct Answers ✅Non-zero vector that does not change direction when a linear transformation is applied to it, but only gets rescaled by the eigenvalue Elastic Net - Correct Answers ✅Combination of lasso and ridge regression. Elbow Diagram - Correct Answers ✅A graph of improvement in function value as something else (e.g.,number of clusters) increases or decreases; the spot where improvement levels out EM Algorithm - Correct Answers ✅Expectation-maximization algorithm. Emperical Bayes Model - Correct Answers ✅Model that uses Bayes' theorem to update an initial guess/distribution based on observed data.
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exploitation - Correct Answers ✅Using known information to get good outcomes. Exploration - Correct Answers ✅Finding new/better/more information to determine how to optimize output. Exponential Distribution - Correct Answers ✅A continuous probability distribution of the time between events: 𝑓(𝑥)=𝜆𝑒^−𝜆x. If the number of events in a fixed time follows the Poission distribution, then the time between them has the exponential distribution. The exponential distribution has the memoryless property. Exponential smoothing - Correct Answers ✅Data smoothing technique in which older observations are assigned exponentially decresing weights, so more emphasis is given to recent observations. Factorial Design - Correct Answers ✅Tests of different combinations of factor values over multiple factors, to find each one's effect, and interaction effects, on the outcome.
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Fall out - Correct Answers ✅Fraction of data points not in a certain category that are incorrectly classified by a model; equal to FP / TN+FP Also called false positive rate. False Negative (FN) - Correct Answers ✅Data point that a model incorrectly classifies as not being in a certain category. ("Negative" means the model classified it as not being in the category, and "False" means the model's classification is incorrect.) Sometimes abbreviated as "FN". False Negative Rate - Correct Answers ✅Fraction of data points in a certain category that are incorrectly classified by a model; equal to FN / TP+FN. Also called miss rate. False Positive (FP) - Correct Answers ✅Data point that a model incorrectly classifies as being in a certain category. ("Positive" means the model classified it as being in the category, and "False" means the model's classification is incorrect.) Sometimes abbreviated as "FP". False Positive Rate - Correct Answers ✅Fraction of data points not in a certain category that are incorrectly classified by a model; equal to FP / TN+FP. Also called fall out.
