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ISSA CPT Module 5 Questions with
Answers latest 2025
BIOMECHANICS
โ the study of the mechanical laws governing the movement or structure of living organisms. KINESIOLOGY โ The study of the mechanics of human movement. ANATOMICAL POSITION โ The anatomically neutral body position facing forward with the arms at the sides of the body and palms and toes pointing straight ahead. ANTERIOR OR VENTRAL โ front of the body or toward the front relative to another reference point POSTERIOR OR DORSAL โ back of the body or toward the back relative to another reference point SUPERIOR โ above a reference point INFERIOR โ below a reference point PROXIMAL โ position closer to the center of the body relative to a reference point DISTAL โ position farther from the reference point MEDIAL โ position relatively closer to the midline of the body LATERAL โ position relatively farther from the midline of the body PRONE โ lying facedown SUPINE
โ lying on one's back DEEP โ further beneath the surface relative to another reference point SUPERFICIAL โ closer to the surface relative to another reference point UILATERAL โ refers to only one side BILATERAL โ refers to both sides IPSILATERAL โ on the same side CONTRALATERAL โ on the opposite side CAUDAL โ toward the bottom CEPHALIC โ toward the head VOLAR โ relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot ABDUCTION โ Movement away from the midline of the body ADDUCTION โ Movement toward the midline of the body FLEXION โ Decreases the angle of two body parts EXTENSION โ increases the angle of two body parts LATERAL FLEXION โ flexion (decreasing angle of two body parts) in the frontal plane; "side-bending"
IPSILATERAL MOVEMENT
โ same side movement CONTRALATERAL MOVEMENT โ Opposite-side movement LATERAL MOVEMENT โ situated away from the midline MEDIAL MOVEMENT โ Situated toward or closer to the midline FRONTAL PLANE โ an imaginary line dividing the body into anterior and posterior halves; aka coronal plane SAGITTAL PLANE โ an imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves TRANSVERSE PLANE โ an imaginary line that divides the body into superior and inferior halves RANGE OF MOTION (ROM) โ measurement of movement around a specific joint or body part BALANCE โ an even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to maintain its center of gravity within a base of support EQUILIBRIUM โ a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced. STABILITY โ the ability to control and maintain control of joint movement or body position CENTER OF GRAVITY โ The hypothetical position in the body where the combined mass appears to be concentrated and the point around which gravity appears to act BASE OF SUPPORT โ the area beneath an object or person that includes every point of contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface
GRAVITY
โ the attraction between objects and the Earth MUSCULAR FORCE โ Involves the contraction of a muscle while exerting a force and performing work. It can be concentric (shortening), eccentric (lengthening), or isometric (tension without joint movement). DYNAMIC BALANCE โ The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body and/or arms and legs are in motion. STATIC BALANCE โ The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body is at rest MASS โ the amount of matter in an object WEIGHT โ the gravitational force of attraction on an object LINE OF GRAVITY โ A vertical line straight through the center of gravity SUSTAINED FORCE MOVEMENT โ Continuous muscle contractions occur to keep moving a weight DYANAMIC FORCE MOVEMENT โ constant agonist-antagonist muscle contractions occur to maintain a certain position or posture BALLISTIC MOVEMENT โ inertial movement exists after an explosive or quick, maximum-force contraction GUIDED MOVEMENT โ occurs when both the agonist and the antagonist contract to control the movement JOINT MOBILITY โ The degree of movement around a joint before movement is restricted by surrounding tissues. JOINT STABILITY โ The ability of the muscles around a joint to control movement or hold the joint in a fixed (stable) position.
MOMENTUM
โ the quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity momentum = mass x velocity SPEED โ The ability to move the body in one intended direction as fast as possible. GROUND REACTION FORCE (GRF) โ The force the ground exerts on a body it is in contact with. FRICTION โ the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another. COMPRESSION FORCE โ The force of two surfaces pressing toward one another. TENSILE FORCE โ The force when two surfaces pull apart from one another. SHEAR FORCE โ the force of two surfaces moving across one another MUSCULAR CONTRACTION โ The shortening or resistance to lengthening of a muscle fiber. LINEAR MOTION โ Movement along a line, straight or curved. ANGULAR MOTION โ rotation around an axis AXIS โ point of rotation around which a lever moves DISPLACEMENT โ the distance an object is moved (or displaced) from its starting point or location baseball: home to first = 90 ft ; home to first back to home = 0 ft DISTANCE โ the total or sum of the length an object travels baseball: home to first = 90 ft ; home to first back to home = 180 ft
ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
โ change in location of an object that is rotating about an axis LINEAR DISPLACEMENT โ distance an object moves in a straight line foot/ankle, hip, thoracic spine, shoulder, wrist โ These joints typically need greater mobility knee, lumbar spine, cervical spine, elbow โ These joints typically need greater stability KINETICS โ the study of forces acting on mechanisms CATEGORIES OF BIOMECHANICS โ 1. stability
- maximum effort
- linear motion
- angular motion MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE โ the ratio of force that creates meaningful movement compared to the force applied to generate the movement; the body is stronger at the established angle WORK โ force times distance measured in foot-pounds; the energy transferred when force is applied to an object W = F x D POWER โ the combination of strength and speed - the ability of a muscle to generate maximum tension as quickly as possible; the rate at which work can be done key: amount of time needed for execution MECHANICAL WORK โ The amount of energy transferred by a force, the product of force and distance. LEVERS โ A rigid or semirigid bar rotating around a fixed point when force is applied to one end. FULCRUM โ the point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots.
AGONIST
โ the prime mover; the primary muscle used for a mechanical movement SYNERGISTS โ secondary muscles supporting the action of the prime mover; muscles supporting the mechanical movement of a prime mover ANTAGONIST โ opposes the action of a prime mover for a given movement; muscles opposing the mechanical movement of a prime mover SHERRINGTON'S LAW OF RECIPROCAL INHIBITION โ A law that states that for every muscle activation, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle. STABILIZER MUSCLES โ The muscles playing the role of stabilizing or minimizing joint movement. LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP โ the amount of tension a muscle can produce with respect to its length FORCE-COUPLE RELATIONSHIP โ two or more muscles acting in different directions that influence the rotation of a joint in a specific direction MUSCLES SYNERGIES โ the activation of a group of muscles to generate movement around a particular joint INNERVATION โ The distribution or supply of nerves
