Genetics: Secrets of Inheritance and Variation, Slides of Genetics

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Genetics

Presented by: Abigail Atiwag

Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It encompasses a wide range of topics related to DNA, genetic information, inheritance patterns, genetic disorders, evolutionary processes, and biotechnological applications. Here are key topics in genetics:

Mendelian Genetics

Genotype and phenotype : Genotype-phenotype relationships, dominant and recessive alleles, homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, and Punnett squares for predicting offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Genetic Variation

Genetic mutations : Types of mutations (e.g., point mutations, insertions, deletions, frameshift mutations), causes of mutations (e.g., mutagens, spontaneous mutations), and their effects on gene function.

Molecular Genetics

DNA structure : Double helix structure of DNA, nucleotides

(adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine), complementary

base pairing, DNA replication, and DNA repair mechanisms.

Molecular Genetics

Gene expression : Transcription, mRNA processing (splicing,

capping, polyadenylation), translation, protein synthesis,

genetic code (codons, amino acids), and regulation of gene

expression (operons, transcription factors).

Genomics

Functional genomics : Study of gene function, gene regulation, non-coding RNA (miRNA, siRNA), gene networks, and systems biology approaches to understanding biological systems.

Genetic Disorders

Single-gene disorders : Autosomal dominant disorders (e.g.,

Huntington's disease), autosomal recessive disorders (e.g.,

cystic fibrosis), X-linked disorders (e.g., hemophilia), and

genetic counseling for inherited diseases.

Population Genetics

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium : Principles of genetic equilibrium in populations, allele frequencies, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, and factors influencing genetic variation within populations.

Population Genetics

Evolutionary genetics : Mechanisms of evolution (mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection), population genetics models (e.g., Hardy-Weinberg model), genetic adaptation, and speciation.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) : Transgenic

plants, transgenic animals, gene editing techniques

(e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), gene therapy, and biotechnological

applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry.

Genetics is a rapidly advancing field with applications in medicine (diagnosis, treatment, genetic counseling), agriculture (crop improvement, genetic engineering), forensic science (DNA profiling), conservation biology (population genetics), evolutionary biology, and biotechnology. It provides insights into the mechanisms of inheritance, genetic diseases, evolutionary processes, and the genetic basis of traits in organisms.