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GCSE Biology Edexcel Complete Assignment Questions And Answers, Exams of Nursing

GCSE Biology Edexcel Complete Assignment Questions And Answers

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GCSE Biology Edexcel - Topic 5
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity - correct answer Define health
A disease that can be passed from one person to another - correct answer
Define communicable disease
A disease which cannot be passed from one person to another - correct answer
Define non-communicable disease
The common cold - correct answer Give an example of a communicable
disease
Asthma, cancer and coronary heart disease - correct answer Give examples of
non-communicable diseases
The presence of one disease, as your immune system is impaired so other pathogens are more able to
cause disease, barriers may also be damaged - correct answer What can lead
to increased susceptibility to diseases and why?
Having HIV can leave you at risk to many other opportunistic infections - correct answer
What is an example of a disease which can lead to increased susceptibility?
A disease causing organism - correct answer Define pathogen
Direct contact, water or air - correct answer What are the three ways which
pathogens can infect plants/animals?
Very small, smaller than cells and bacteria - correct answer How big are
viruses?
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GCSE Biology Edexcel - Topic 5

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity - correct answer Define health A disease that can be passed from one person to another - correct answer Define communicable disease A disease which cannot be passed from one person to another - correct answer Define non-communicable disease The common cold - correct answer Give an example of a communicable disease Asthma, cancer and coronary heart disease - correct answer Give examples of non-communicable diseases The presence of one disease, as your immune system is impaired so other pathogens are more able to cause disease, barriers may also be damaged - correct answer What can lead to increased susceptibility to diseases and why? Having HIV can leave you at risk to many other opportunistic infections - correct answer What is an example of a disease which can lead to increased susceptibility? A disease causing organism - correct answer Define pathogen Direct contact, water or air - correct answer What are the three ways which pathogens can infect plants/animals? Very small, smaller than cells and bacteria - correct answer How big are viruses?

Small, but bigger than viruses - correct answer How big are bacteria? Binary fission - correct answer What is the process of bacteria dividing quickly called? Toxins - correct answer What do bacteria produce? Either single celled or have a body of hyphae (thread-like structures) - correct answer How big are fungi? Some are parasitic - correct answer What is the nature of protists? Cholera - correct answer What disease is caused by vibrio cholerae? Tuberculosis - correct answer What disease is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis? Chalara ash dieback - correct answer What disease is caused by hympenoscyphus fraxineus? Malaria - correct answer What disease is caused by plasmodium falciparum? HIV - correct answer What disease is caused by human immunodeficiency virus? Helicobacter - correct answer What disease is caused by helicobacter pylori? Ebola - correct answer What disease is caused by B. ebolavirus?

Can lead to stomach ulcers - correct answer What are the effects of Helicobacter? Hemorrhagic fever, fever with sever bleeding - correct answer What are the symptoms of Ebola? Water - correct answer How is cholera spread? airborne - correct answer How is tuberculosis spread? Air through wind - correct answer How is chalara ash dieback spread? Animal vector - mosquito - correct answer How is malaria spread? Bodily fluids - correct answer How is HIV spread? Oral transmission - correct answer How is helicobacter spread? Bodily fluids - correct answer How is Ebola spread? Improving hygiene, reducing contact, removing vectors, vaccination - correct answer What four steps can be taken to limit the spread of pathogens?

  1. Injects DNA/RNA into host cell
  2. Hijacks cellular machinery
  3. Cell copies viral DNA or RNA
  4. Cells lyses, releasing virus
  5. Infects other cells and damages cells - correct answer Describe the lytic pathway
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry of viral genome
  3. Viral DNA is inserted into bacterial cell's DNA
  4. Cell replicates normally, each time replicating viral DNA
  5. Eventually viral DNA separates into circle and lytic cycle begins - correct answer Describe the lysogenic cycle Chlamydia and HIV - correct answer What are two examples of STIs? Bacteria - correct answer What type of pathogen causes chlamydia? Virus - correct answer What type of pathogen causes HIV? Often symptomless, painful urination, pelvic pain, can cause infertility - correct answer What are the symptoms of chlamydia? Increased susceptibility to other infections, severe illness, can be fatal - correct answer What are the symptoms of HIV? Barrier methods of contraception or abstinence - correct answer How can the spread of STIs be reduced? A thick cellulose cell wall, a thick waxy cuticle, a layer of bark, closing the stomata - correct answer What are four examples of physical barriers plants use against disease? Antimicrobial chemicals, compounds that attract larger insects, odour - correct answer What are three examples of chemical barriers plants use against disease? Malformations and browning of leaves - correct answer What are visible symptoms of chalara ash dieback?

Used to kill bacteria in food reaching the stomach - correct answer What is the function of hydrochloric acid? Phagocytosis, producing antibodies, producing antitoxins - correct answer What are the three types of immune response? It engulfs pathogens, destroying them - correct answer How does phagocytosis protect the body? Antibodies begin to bind to the antigen on the pathogen > This makes it easier for white blood cells to find them and engulf them (phagocytosis) > This process produces memory lymphocytes - correct answer How does producing antibodies protect the body? If you become infected again with the same pathogen, the specific complementary antibodies will be produced at a faster rate. The individual will not feel symptoms. - correct answer How do the memory lymphocytes help the immune system fight pathogens? They neutralise toxins released by the pathogen by binding to them - correct answer How does producing antitoxins protect the body? When a majority of a population are vaccinated against a disease. This means that even people who have not been vaccinated are less likely to get it because there are fewer people to catch it from. - correct answer What is herd immunity? A small amount of dead or weakened microbe is injected - white blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies complementary to the antigens on the pathogen - correct answer How does vaccination work?

  1. They have eradicated many diseases (smallpox)
  2. Epidemics can be prevented through herd immunity - correct answer What are two advantages of vaccination?
  3. They are not always effective in providing immunity
  1. Bad reactions can occur - correct answer What are two disadvantages of vaccination? Bacterial infections - correct answer What can antibiotics be used to treat? They inhibit cell processes - correct answer Why are bacteria susceptible to antibiotics? Nutrient broth solution and on an agar gel plate - correct answer What are two ways to grow microorganisms in the lab?
  2. Suspension of bacteria to be brown and mixing with sterile nutrient broth
  3. Stoppering the flask with cotton wool
  4. Shaking regularly - correct answer How are microorganisms created using nutrient broth solution?
  5. Hot sterilised agar jelly is poured into a petri dish which is led to cool
  6. Inoculating loops are dipped in a solution of the microorganism and spread over the agar evenly
  7. The lid is taped on and the plate is incubated for a few days so the microorganisms can grow - correct answer How are microorganisms created using an agar gel plate? It could be contained with other microorganisms otherwise, which would compete with desired bacteria for nutrients and space - correct answer Why must Petri dishes and culture media be sterilised in an autoclave (oven)? To kill unwanted microorganisms - correct answer Why must the inoculating loops be sterilised before use? To stop airborne microorganisms from contaminating, however it should not be completely sealed as this would result in harmful anaerobic bacteria growing - correct answer Why must the lid of the Petri dish be secured with adhesive tape?
  1. They are combined with tumour cells to form a cell called a hybridoma
  2. The hybridoma can divide to produce clones of itself, which all produce the same antibody
  3. The antibodies are collected and purified - correct answer How are monoclonal antibodies produced? A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies but cannot divide - correct answer What are lymphocytes? Cells which do not make antibodies but divide rapidly - correct answer What are tumour cells?
  • A hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophin is present in the urine of pregnant women
  • The first section of the stick has mobile antibodies complementary to the hCG hormone (they are attached to blue beads)
  • The second section has stationary antibodies complementary to the hCG hormone which are stuck to the stick
  • If the hCG is present, it binds to the mobile antibodies attached to blue beads to form hCG/antibody complexes
  • They are carried in the flow of liquid to the second section
  • The stationary antibodies then bind to the hCG/antibody complexes
  • As they are each bond to a blue bead, a blue line is produced - correct answer How can monoclonal antibodies be used in pregnancy test?
  • The monoclonal antibodies are modified to blind to the molecule you are searching for
  • The antibodies are bound to fluorescent dye
  • If the molecules are in the simple then the antibodies bind to it, and the dye can be observed - correct answer How can monoclonal antibodies be used in analysing blood? A build up of fluorescence is detected - correct answer How can monoclonal antibodies be used in identifying certain molecules on a cell? Three main methods:
  1. Producing monoclonal antibodies that bind to the tumour markers to estimate the immune system to attack the cell
  2. Using monoclonal antibodies to bind to receptor sites on the cell surface membrane of the cancer cells, stopping the cell from dividing
  3. Using monoclonal antibodies to transport toxic drugs, chemicals or radioactive substances as they can only bind to cancer cells - correct answer How can monoclonal antibodies be used in the treatment of cancer?
  4. They only bind to specific cells so healthy cells are not affected
  5. They can be engineered to treat many different conditions
  6. Mouse-human hybrid cells can now be used to reduce the change of rejection - correct answer What are three advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
  7. It is difficult to attach monoclonal antibodies to drugs
  8. They are expensive to develop
  9. There is a chance of rejection - correct answer What are three disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies? A high dietary intake of saturate fat and a sedentary lifestyle - correct answer What factors can lead to cardiovascular diseases? Smoking, age and genetics - correct answer What factors can lead to several forms of cancer? Smoking, high alcohol intake, age and genetics - correct answer What factors can lead to lung and liver diseases? Anorexia - correct answer What factors can lead to vitamin and nutritional deficiencies?
  • Eating more calories than you burn
  • Eating a very large excess of calories - correct answer What factors can lead to obesity?
  • Reducing the amount of saturated fat we eat
  • Maintaining a healthy BMI
  • Regular exercise
  • Reducing the amount of salt in their diet
  • Managing stress levels - correct answer What lifestyle changes may be needed to correct heart disease? right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle - correct answer What are the four chambers of the heart? The aorta - correct answer Which main artery carries oxygenated blood to the body? The pulmonary artery - correct answer Which main artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs? The pulmonary vein - correct answer Which main vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart? Vena cava - correct answer Which main vein carried deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? Between right atrium and right ventricle - correct answer Where is the tricuspid valve located? Between left atrium and left ventricle; has 2 flaps - correct answer Where is the bicuspid valve located? It separates the two sides of the heart - correct answer Where is the septum located?

Between ventricles and major arteries - correct answer Where are the semilunar valves located? They are pumping blood out of the heart so they need to generate higher pressure - correct answer Why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria? The left, as it pumps blood around the body - not just to the lungs - correct answer Which ventricle has a thicker wall and why?

  • Deoxygenated blood coming from the body flows into the right atrium via the vena cava
  • Once the right atrium has filled with blood the heart gives a little beat and the blood is pushed through the tricuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the right ventricle
  • The walls of the ventricle contract and the blood is pushed into the pulmonary arterythrough the semi lunar valve which prevents blood flowing backwards into the heart
  • The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place (this is why there has to be low pressure on this side of the heart - blood is going directly to capillaries which would burst under higher pressure)
  • Oxygen rich blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
  • It passes through the bicuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the left ventricle
  • The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract strongly to push the blood for - correct answer Describe the pathway of blood through the heart A disorder of the body which produces specific symptoms, not a result of physical injury - correct answer Define disease
  • Non living
  • DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
  • Must reproduce inside another living organism - correct answer What are the characteristics of viruses? A virus that infects bacteria - correct answer Define phage