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Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances: Assessment, Causes, Symptoms, and Nursing Management, Exams of Nursing

Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL)Nursing

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances: Assessment, Causes, Symptoms, and Nursing Management.Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances: Assessment, Causes, Symptoms, and Nursing Management

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/15/2025

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Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances: Assessment, Causes,
Symptoms, and Nursing Management
1. What electrolyte imbalance is defined by serum sodium below 135 mEq/L?
o[โœ“] Hyponatremia
oHypernatremia
oHypokalemia
oHyperkalemia
2. A patient with muscle weakness, arrhythmias, and ECG changes likely has which electrolyte
imbalance?
oHypernatremia
o[โœ“] Hypokalemia
oHyponatremia
oHypercalcemia
3. Which symptom is characteristic of hypercalcemia?
oMuscle cramps
oHypotension
o[โœ“] Constipation
oTetany
4. What is the main cause of hypernatremia?
oExcess water intake
o[โœ“] Water loss or sodium gain
oPotassium loss
oVitamin deficiency
5. Which electrolyte imbalance can cause tetany and positive Chvostekโ€™s sign?
o[โœ“] Hypocalcemia
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Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances: Assessment, Causes,

Symptoms, and Nursing Management

  1. What electrolyte imbalance is defined by serum sodium below 135 mEq/L? o [โœ“] Hyponatremia o Hypernatremia o Hypokalemia o Hyperkalemia
  2. A patient with muscle weakness, arrhythmias, and ECG changes likely has which electrolyte imbalance? o Hypernatremia o [โœ“] Hypokalemia o Hyponatremia o Hypercalcemia
  3. Which symptom is characteristic of hypercalcemia? o Muscle cramps o Hypotension o [โœ“] Constipation o Tetany
  4. What is the main cause of hypernatremia? o Excess water intake o [โœ“] Water loss or sodium gain o Potassium loss o Vitamin deficiency
  5. Which electrolyte imbalance can cause tetany and positive Chvostekโ€™s sign? o [โœ“] Hypocalcemia

o Hyperkalemia o Hyponatremia o Hypermagnesemia

  1. What condition results from excessive water loss leading to decreased extracellular fluid? o Hypervolemia o [โœ“] Hypovolemia o Edema o Anemia
  2. What clinical sign is associated with hypovolemia? o Bounding pulse o [โœ“] Thirst and dry mucous membranes o Dependent edema o Hypertension
  3. Which medication type commonly causes potassium loss leading to hypokalemia? o [โœ“] Diuretics o Beta blockers o ACE inhibitors o Proton pump inhibitors
  4. Which is a sign of fluid volume overload? o Hypotension o Dry skin o [โœ“] Peripheral edema o Weight loss
  5. The most critical complication of hyperkalemia is:
  1. Which electrolyte imbalance can cause prolonged QT interval? o [โœ“] Hypocalcemia o Hypernatremia o Hyperkalemia o Hyponatremia
  2. What is the main cause of hypomagnesemia? o Excess intake o Kidney failure o [โœ“] Malnutrition or alcoholism o Hyperparathyroidism
  3. What is the preferred IV fluid to treat hypovolemia? o Dextrose 5% in water o Lactated Ringerโ€™s o [โœ“] Normal saline (0.9%) o 3% saline
  4. Which condition can cause hypermagnesemia? o Malabsorption o [โœ“] Renal failure o Dehydration o Vomiting
  5. Signs of hypocalcemia include: o [โœ“] Muscle spasms and numbness o Bradycardia o Hypertension

o Hyperreflexia

  1. A patient with oliguria and metabolic acidosis may have a deficiency of: o Potassium o Sodium o [โœ“] Bicarbonate o Chloride
  2. What electrolyte is essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction? o Chloride o Magnesium o [โœ“] Calcium o Phosphate
  3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely from prolonged diarrhea? o [โœ“] Hypokalemia o Hypercalcemia o Hypernatremia o Hypomagnesemia
  4. Which symptom is most common in hyponatremia? o Hypertension o [โœ“] Confusion o Tachycardia o Muscle rigidity
  5. What electrolyte imbalance can cause Peaked T waves and widened QRS on ECG? o Hyponatremia o Hypokalemia

o [โœ“] Neurological changes and seizures o Peripheral edema o Muscle cramps

  1. Which fluid is isotonic to plasma? o [โœ“] 0.9% normal saline o 3% saline o D5W o 0.45% saline
  2. Low levels of which electrolyte are associated with cardiac dysrhythmias and muscle weakness? o [โœ“] Potassium o Sodium o Calcium o Phosphate
  3. What lab value indicates hyperkalemia? o Serum potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L o [โœ“] Serum potassium greater than 5.0 mEq/L o Serum sodium greater than 145 mEq/L o Calcium less than 8.5 mg/dL
  4. Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base balance as an anion? o [โœ“] Bicarbonate o Chloride o Potassium o Sodium
  1. What is the common cause of hypophosphatemia? o Renal failure o Hypoparathyroidism o [โœ“] Refeeding syndrome o Hypernatremia
  2. In hypervolemia, the nurse expects: o Weight loss o [โœ“] Elevated blood pressure and edema o Dry mucous membranes o Bradycardia
  3. Which electrolyte imbalance can cause respiratory depression? o [โœ“] Hypermagnesemia o Hypernatremia o Hypokalemia o Hypocalcemia
  4. What is the main treatment for hypokalemia? o Fluid restriction o [โœ“] Potassium replacement o Calcium supplements o Sodium bicarbonate
  5. In fluid volume deficit, which vital sign change is expected? o [โœ“] Tachycardia and hypotension o Bradycardia and hypertension o Bradycardia and hypotension

o Hypernatremia o Renal failure

  1. Which electrolyte is important for bone formation and ATP production? o Sodium o Potassium o [โœ“] Phosphate o Magnesium
  2. Which imbalance results from excessive diuretic use and leads to muscle weakness? o [โœ“] Hypokalemia o Hypernatremia o Hypercalcemia o Hyponatremia
  3. In fluid overload, the nurse should monitor: o [โœ“] Lung sounds for crackles o Skin turgor o Dry mucous membranes o Sunken eyes
  4. Which electrolyte imbalance causes numbness and tingling in fingers and around the mouth? o [โœ“] Hypocalcemia o Hypernatremia o Hyperkalemia o Hyponatremia
  5. The best indicator of fluid balance in a patient is: o Blood pressure alone

o Skin color o [โœ“] Daily weight o Heart rate

  1. Which electrolyte imbalance occurs with adrenal insufficiency? o [โœ“] Hyponatremia o Hypernatremia o Hyperkalemia o Hypocalcemia
  2. In severe fluid loss, which acid-base imbalance commonly occurs? o Metabolic alkalosis o [โœ“] Metabolic acidosis o Respiratory alkalosis o Respiratory acidosis