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To see if the data is unimodal, symmetrical, and without any exceptions. Why is it important to look at the shape of a column of data before interpreting any statistics? (2.2) A chart is needed to summarize the shape characteristic so that we can see it. Why look at a chart to get shape information instead of looking at the data values themselves? (2.2) Brainpower Read More Cumulative Frequency Which of the following answers is NOT one of the first three columns in a frequency table? (2.2) 160.0 and 1. In the frequency table below, what is the cumulative frequency and the cumulative relative frequency for the category Jun? (2.2) A bar chart where the bars do not touch each other What type of graph is most appropriate to use to display the shape of qualitative data? (2.2) True T or F: A Pareto chart just a bar chart with the bars rearranged from the highest bar to the lowest bar (2.2) A histogram where the bars do touch each another What type of graph is most appropriate to use to display the shape of discrete data? (2.2) The data values in the data set on the x-axis, and the frequency of the data values on the y-axis In a histogram for discrete data, what characteristic is shown on the x-axis, and what characteristic is shown on the y-axis? (2.2) Bins of the data values on the x-axis, and the frequency of the data values in the bins on the y-axis In a histogram for continuous data, what characteristic is shown on the x-axis, and what characteristic is shown on the y-axis? (2.2) True T or F: When making a histogram for continuous data, a bin is just a range of possible data values (2.2) False T or F: A boxplot is used to display the shape of qualitative data (2.2) True T or F: A boxplot shows location and spread information as does a histogram (2.2) 50%, and 50%
In a boxplot of continuous data, what percent of the data values lie inside the box, and what percent of the data values lie outside the box? (2.2)
In the boxplot below, what is the value of the median? (2.2) The spread of the data values In any boxplot (an example is shown below), the width of the box shows what characteristic of the data values? (2.2) First look at the overall shape, then look for exceptions What is the general approach to analyzing the information in a histogram? (2.2) A modeless shape Which of the following answers is NOT one of our overall shapes? (2.2) False T or F: A skewed left shape means that the peak of the histogram is on the left side of the histogram. A skewed right shape means that the peak of the histogram is on the right side of the histogram (2.2) The tails Skewness in a histogram is a property of what in the histogram? (2.2) Any bimodal shapes Which of the following answers is NOT an exception when analyzing a histogram? (2.2) A gap is fits as part of the overall shape. An extreme value is outside the overall shape How is a gap distinguished from an extreme value? (2.2) Divide by the degrees of freedom How is the sum of squares ( SS ) standardized into variance (σ2)? (2.3) No, because the average deviation always equals zero Is the average deviation better than the standard deviation (σ)? (2.3) False T or F: The mean (μ) is NOT needed to calculate a deviation (2.3) True T or F: In statistics, a deviation applies to only one data value (2.3) False T or F: A deviation can never equal zero. (2.3) The mathematical distance and direction from the mean What information about a data value is given by its deviation? (2.3) Spread wider apart A bigger standard deviation for a data set means the data values are? (2.3) σ 2 for population, s 2 for sample
Small deviation A data value close to the mean has a? (2.3) Squared deviations To calculate variance, statistics does not average the deviations, instead it averages the? (2.3) Yes, because there are more numbers in the data set to sum Does the sum of squares ( SS ) usually get bigger as more data values are added to the data set? (2.3) σ for population, s for sample What is the appropriate denotation for standard deviation? (2.3) The presence of extreme values What are resistant statistics resistant to? (2.4) They look at the position of the data values, and not at their values What makes resistant statistics work? (2.4) The data values must be ranked from lowest to highest To find resistant statistics, what must be true of the data set? (2.4) False T or F: Percentiles are NOT positional statistics (2.4) False T or F: The value of the third quartile ( Ǫ3 ) can be less than the value of the first quartile ( Ǫ1 ). (2.4) False T or F: Percentiles ( Pk ) (or quartiles ( Ǫk ) must always be a data value in the data set. (2.4) True T or F: The appropriate equation to use in Step 1: Calculate the Index of finding a percentile ( Pk )is shown below. (2.4) True T or F: The interquartile range ( IQR ) can never be negative. (2.4) False T or F: The range is a reliable measure of spread. (2.4) Because in the tails, a big change in value is usually a small change in position Why do positional statistics work for a data set containing extreme values? (2.4) Which percentile is desired, the 0th percentile up through the 100th percentile When denoting a percentile ( Pk ) what does the k stand for? (2.4) Three quarters (75%)of the data values How many data values are less than the value of the third quartile ( Ǫ3 )? (2.4) None of the other choices Which of the answers below are NOT one of the steps to find any percentile ( Pk )? (2.4) If i is an integer, average that and the next higher data values. If i has a decimal, move up to the next higher data value
In Step 2 : Move to the correct position of finding a percentile ( Pk ), how is the appropriate move decided? (2.4) 14 / 41 What is the first quartile ( Ǫ1 ) / third quartile ( Ǫ3 ) in the following ranked set of data ( n = 15)? (to one decimal place = 00.0) 9,13, 14, 14, 15 18, 19, 24, 30, 37 40, 41, 44, 44, 193 (2.4) Middle half (50%) The interquartile range ( IQR ) measures the spread of what part of the data set? (2.4) The values of the data values are spread wider apart What does a larger value for the interquartile range ( IQR ) mean about the data values? (2.4) All of these other answers What information is given by a five number summary? (2.4) 90 is an extreme value because the upper fence is 81. Are there any extreme values in the ranked set of data below ( n = 15)? -19, -3, 11, 14, 15 18, 19, 24, 30, 37 40, 41, 44, 44, 90 (2.4) To give a lower limit and an upper limit on the data values to detect extreme values Regarding a five number summary, what are the fences used for? (2.4) 4.70, and 8. What is the value of the lower fence, and of the upper fence, in the five number summary below? {0.2, 6.05, 6.45, 6.95, 8.2} (2.4) 0.2 because the lower fence is 4. Are there any extreme values in the data set that has the five number summary below? {0.2, 6.05, 6.45, 6.95, 8.2} (2.4) Because the distribution can be used to find the probability of an event Why is the distribution of a data set so important? (3.1) The probability of an event What information does an area under the normal curve give? (3.1) False T or F: The probability of an event can mean two things:
- The proportion of the population described by the event.
- The chance an individual will be randomly selected. (3.1) False T or F: Only one critical parameter is needed to calculate probability with a normal curve. (3.1) True T or F: A normal curve can be described with one specific mathematical equation, if the values of the variables are known. (3.1) False T or F: The curve below is a normal curve. (3.1)
T or F: The standard normal distribution ( z-distribution) follows the Empirical Rule of statistics. (3.2) True T or F: The area under the standard normal curve = 1. (3.2) -∞ < (^) 𝓏 < +∞ What is the range of z-scores? (3.2)
Use the schematic curve and the z-table to find the probability of an individual having a z-score greater than +2.00? (3.2)
Use the schematic curve and the z-table to find the proportion of a population between z = -2.33 and z = +2.33? (3.2)
Use the schematic curve and the z-table to find the probability of an individual having a z-score greater than -1.55? (3.2)
Use the schematic curve and the z -table to find the proportion of a population having a z -score less than +0.44? (3.2)
Use the schematic curve and the z -table to find the proportion of a population between z = -1.96 and z = +1.96? (3.2)
Use the schematic curve and the z -table to find the proportion of a population between z = +1.77 and z = +1.96? (3.2)
Use the schematic curve and the z-table to find the proportion of a population between z = -1.40 and z = +2.40? (3.2) All of the other answers Use the schematic curve and the z-table to find the proportion of a population less than z = -1.96 and greater than z = +1.96? (3.2)
