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Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells: From Prokaryotes to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, Quizzes of Biochemistry

The University of SheffieldBiochemistry

An overview of the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes, including the loss of cell walls, the acquisition of the ability to obtain nutrients through phagocytosis, and the symbiotic relationships that led to the development of mitochondria and chloroplasts. The text also discusses the evidence supporting this theory, including the presence of bacterial genes in the eukaryotic nucleus and the similarities between prokaryotic and mitochondrial/chloroplastic ribosomes.

Typology: Quizzes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 05/14/2013

amygouldsbrough
amygouldsbrough 🇬🇧

22 documents

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TERM 1
Microorganism Types
DEFINITION 1
Eukaryotic
MicroorganismsProtozoaFungiAlgaeProkaryotesEubacteriaArchaebacteriaCyanobacteria
(Viruses are akaryotic)
TERM 2
How Eukaryotic Cells Evolved
DEFINITION 2
Prokaryotic cells lost cell wall
Gained ability to obtain nutrients by ph agocytosing other
prokaryotes
Cyanobacteria evolved and the atm osphere became aerobic
Anaerobic prokaryote engulfed an ae robicbacteriaand
established symbiotic relationship with it to become the
mitochondrion
Cyanobacteria made chloroplastsSpiro chete bacteria made cilia
and flagella
TERM 3
Endosymbiosis
DEFINITION 3
Prokaryote lost cell wall
Plasma membrane folded inwards > e ndoplasmic reticulum and
nuclear envelope
engulfed aerobicprokaryotes>mitoch ondria
makes ancestral heterotrophic euk aryote
Evidence:Mitochondria and chloropla sts contain DNA (in circular
form like in prokaryotes)Eukaryotic nu cleus contains bacterially
derived genes
TERM 4
Evidence:
DEFINITION 4
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA (in circular form like
in prokaryotes)
Eukaryotic nucleus contains bacteria lly derived genes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own ribosomes,
which are the same size asprokaryot icribosomes
Antibiotic specificity - many antibiotic s work by stopping
ribosome function in bacteria ribosom es/mitochondria/chloroplasts
Molecular phylogeny - ribosomal RNA sequencing shows they're
derived from bacteria
TERM 5
Protozoa
DEFINITION 5
Unicellular,eukaryoticorganisms.Lack cell walls and are
motile.They don't have a common evolutionary heritage.
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Microorganism Types

Eukaryotic MicroorganismsProtozoaFungiAlgaeProkaryotesEubacteriaArchae (Viruses are akaryotic) TERM 2

How Eukaryotic Cells Evolved

DEFINITION 2 Prokaryotic cells lost cell wall Gained ability to obtain nutrients by phagocytosing other prokaryotes Cyanobacteria evolved and the atmosphere became aerobic Anaerobic prokaryote engulfed an aerobicbacteriaand established symbiotic relationship with it to become the mitochondrion Cyanobacteria made chloroplastsSpirochete bacteria made cilia and flagella TERM 3

Endosymbiosis

DEFINITION 3 Prokaryote lost cell wall Plasma membrane folded inwards > endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope engulfed aerobicprokaryotes>mitochondria makes ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote Evidence:Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA (in circular form like in prokaryotes)Eukaryotic nucleus contains bacterially derived genes TERM 4

Evidence:

DEFINITION 4 Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA (in circular form like in prokaryotes) Eukaryotic nucleus contains bacterially derived genes Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own ribosomes, which are the same size asprokaryoticribosomes Antibiotic specificity - many antibiotics work by stopping ribosome function in bacteria ribosomes/mitochondria/chloroplasts Molecular phylogeny - ribosomal RNA sequencing shows they're derived from bacteria TERM 5

Protozoa

DEFINITION 5 Unicellular,eukaryoticorganisms.Lack cell walls and are motile.They don't have a common evolutionary heritage.

Flagellates

Motile by flagellaVery diverse group TERM 7

Ciliates

DEFINITION 7 Have 2 types of nuclei:Micronucleus - inheritance / sexual reproductionMacronucleus - RNA production / cell growth and functionHave hair like structure called cilia TERM 8

Sporozoans

DEFINITION 8 ParasiticCause severe diseases (malaria)Do not form resting spores but produce sporozoites for transmission into new host TERM 9

Plasmodium vivax

DEFINITION 9 CAUSES MALARIA Gametes mature within mosquito Fertilization Growth Development ofsporozoites Release of sporozoites Transmission by bite from mosquito Liver removes sporozoites from blood Sporozoites enter liver cell TERM 10

continues.

DEFINITION 10

  1. Infect red blood cells10. Reproduce in red blood cells11. Production of gametes12. Cycle continues