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2025 Graded A+
D399 INTRO TO GERONTOLOGY TEST
2025 Graded A+
active life expectancy - ✔️ a way of describing expected length of life, the term active denoting a manner of living that is relatively healthy and independent
centenarians - ✔️ people in the population of 100 years or older
chronic diseases - ✔️ diseases, like heart disease and diabetes, that require long-term medical care and related long-term care services and supports
compression of morbidity - ✔️ relatively long periods of healthy, active, high-quality existence, and relatively short periods of illness and dependency in the last few years of life
crossover effect - ✔️ elders of color (mostly men) who survive beyond age 75, having longer life expectancies after age 75 than their white counterparts
demographer - ✔️ a person who studies populations and population trends and characteristics
demographic trends - ✔️ changes that occur in population, such as the increase in median age
demographics - ✔️ the study of populations and their characteristics in a society, e.g., changes in population due to deaths, births or migrations
dependency ratio - ✔️ the number of people age 65 and older to every 100 people of traditional working ages (18-64)
dependent life expectancy - ✔️ a way of describing expected length of life where one is dependent on help from others
hardiness - ✔️ how well an individual copes with disease or other stressors. Affected by both genetics and past experiences
2025 Graded A+
individual aging process - ✔️ the physiological, psychological, and social aging process in a person, as opposed to population aging, which refers to the aging of an entire population
life expectancy - ✔️ the average length of time persons in a given society and subgroups defined by age, gender, race, and ethnicity are expected to live
maximum life span - ✔️ the biologically programmed maximum number of years that each species can expect to live
median age - ✔️ the age between two numerically equal groups in a population- one group being older than this age, and the other group being younger than this age
oldest-old - ✔️ people who are 85 years and older
old-old - ✔️ people who are 75- 84
population aging - ✔️ the aging of an entire population, such as the aging of people within a particular country, as opposed to the aging process of an individual
super-centenarians - ✔️ older adults who have reached age 110+
support ratio - ✔️ the relationship between the proportion of the population that is employed (Defined as productive and able to support others) and the proportion that is not in the workforce (viewed as dependent or as requiring support)
anthropology of aging - ✔️ the exploration and understanding of aging within and across the diversity of human cultures
biculturalism - ✔️ the process of integrating two distinct cultures so that they can meaningfully co- exist
comparative sociocultural gerontology - ✔️ comparing the experiences of older adults across various cultures
2025 Graded A+
✔️ short term, such as infections or a cold, which can usually be treated or cured and covered by Medicare
acute illnesses - ✔️ short-term disease or infection, often more debilitating to older than younger adults
atherosclerosis - ✔️ accumulation of fats in the arteries and veins, blocking circulation of the blood
biological aging - ✔️ the physiological changes that reduce the efficiency of organ systems, such as the lungs, heart, and the circulatory system and may affect functioning over time, but not necessarily result in disease or death
cataract - ✔️ clouding of the lens of the eye, reducing sight and sometimes leading to blindness; requires surgical extraction of the lens
cellular aging theory - ✔️ an explanation that aging occurs as cells slow their number of replications, based on the observation that cells grown in controlled laboratory environments are able to replicate only a finite number of times
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - ✔️ occurs when a portion of the brain is completely denied blood, such as through a blood clot
chronic illnesses - ✔️ long-term (more than three months), often permanent, and leaving a residual disability that may require long-term management or care rather than cure
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) - ✔️ result of damaged lung tissue, often due to bronchitis or asthma
comorbidity - ✔️ simultaneously experiencing multiple health problems, whether acute, chronic or a combination
coronary heart disease - ✔️ optimum blood flow to the heart is restricted because the cardiac vessels narrow, which may result in intensive care, numerous tests, or extended hospitalization
diabetes mellitus -
2025 Graded A+
✔️ a disease that impairs the ability of the pancreas to produce insulin, and is characterized by above-normal amounts of sugar in the blood and urine; cannot be cured but can be managed
disability - ✔️ an impairment in the ability to complete multiple daily tasks
diverticulitis - ✔️ a condition in which pouches or sacs (diverticula) in the intestinal wall become inflamed and infected causing gastrointestinal distress
edentulous - ✔️ the absence of natural teeth
epidermis - ✔️ the outermost layer of skin where the process of cell replacement is slowed with age
erectile dysfunction - ✔️ inability for men to get and sustain an erection; also known as impotence
estrogen - ✔️ a female sex hormone that declines significantly with aging; can be replaced alone (estrogen replacement therapy) or in combination with progesterone, another female sex hormone
frailty - ✔️ severe limitations in ADLs, such as unintended weight loss, difficultly walking, and chronic exhaustion, which increase the risk of disability
free radical theory - ✔️ a special case of the cross-linkage theory of aging that posits that free radicals (highly reactive molecules) may produce DNA mutations
functional ability - ✔️ the capacity of a given organ to perform its normal function, compared with its function under conditions of illness, disability, and aging, which influences an individuals' ability to perform daily tasks
glaucoma - ✔️ a disease in which there is insufficient drainage or excessive production of aqueous humor, the fluid in the front portion of the eye, and if not treated can lead to blindness
good health -
2025 Graded A+
✔️ focuses on the deteriorating efficiency of the immune system and resultant loss of ability of the organism to resist pathogens as a cause of age-related changes and chronic diseases
impotence - ✔️ the inability to have and maintain an erection
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) - ✔️ summary of an individual's ability to perform more complex activities such as household and financial management, making a phone call, grocery shopping, meal preparation and taking medications
kinesthetic system - ✔️ the body system that signals one's position in space
kykyphosis - ✔️ stoop-shouldered or hunched condition caused by collapsed vertebrae as bone mass is lost
male menopause - ✔️ normal changes experienced by men due to declines in testosterone production
master athletes - ✔️ individuals who have continued to participate in competitive, aerobic exercise in to the later years
melanin - ✔️ darker skin pigmentation
menopause - ✔️ a gradual cessation of the menstrual cycle, which is related to the loss of ovarian function; considered to have occurred after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period
neurons - ✔️ nerve cells in the brain
osteoarthritis - ✔️ gradual degeneration of joints that are subject to physical stress
osteopenia - ✔️ a significant loss of calcium and reduced bone density not associated with increased risk of fractures
osteoporosis -
2025 Graded A+
✔️ a dramatic loss in calcium and bone mass resulting in increased brittleness of the bones and increased risk of fracture, more frequently found in white, small-stature women
presbycusis - ✔️ age-related hearing loss
prolongevity - ✔️ extending the length of a healthy life but not disrupting fundamental aging processes
quality of life - ✔️ the individual's sense of competence, ability to perform activities of daily living, and satisfaction with social interactions in addition to functional health
renal function - ✔️ kidney function, defined by the rate at which blood is filtered through the kidneys
arthritis - ✔️ a chronic inflammation of the membranes lining joints and tendons, characterized by pain, swelling, bone dislocation, and limited range of motion; can occur at any age
senescence - ✔️ biological aging; that is, the gradual accumulation of irreversible functional losses to which the average person tries to accommodate in some socially acceptable way
urinary incontinence - ✔️ diminished ability to control the leakage of urine
viropause - ✔️ male menopause due to testosterone decreases
vital capacity - ✔️ maximum volume of oxygen intake through the lungs with a single breath
wear and tear theory - ✔️ one of the biological theories of aging; it states that aging occurs because of the system simply wearing out over time
alcoholism - ✔️ four or more drinks in any single day during a typical month; use of alcohol frequently and routinely
Alzheimer's disease (AD) -
2025 Graded A+
drug abuse - ✔️ abuse of prescription or over-the-counter medications (polypharmacy) or of illicit drugs (heroin, marijuana)
ego integrity versus despair - ✔️ the eighth and last stage of psychosocial development in Erikson's model; aging individual achieves wisdom and perspective, or despairs because he or she views one's life as lacking meaning
executive function - ✔️ cognitive skills required to organize one's learning function
fluid intelligence - ✔️ skills that are biologically determined, independent of experience or learning; require flexibility in thinking
general slowing hypothesis - ✔️ physiological changes that cause slower transmission of information through the nervous system with aging
generativity - ✔️ the seventh stage of psychosocial development in Erikson's model; caring for and mentoring younger generations, looking toward the future, and not stagnating in the past
intelligence - ✔️ the theoretical limit of an individual's performance
interference theory - ✔️ the view that memory fades or is lost because of distractions experienced during learning or interference from similar or new information to the item to be recalled
irreversible dementias - ✔️ have no discernible environmental cause and cannot yet be cured (e.g. Alzheimer's or vascular dementia)
life review - ✔️ a process of introspection, self-reflection, and reminiscence that may include reflecting on themes of loss and often involves reinterpretation of past experiences to achieve a new sense of meaning
mediators - ✔️ visual and verbal links between information to be memorized and information that is already in secondary memory
2025 Graded A+
memory - ✔️ the process of recalling information that was once stored; a part of the brain that retains what has been learned throughout our lives
paranoia - ✔️ a psychiatric disorder characterized by irrational suspiciousness of other people
Parkinson's disease - ✔️ a neurodegenerative disorder that begins as a loss of muscle control and impaired balance and coordination, with tremors in hands and feet
perceptual speed - ✔️ time required to perceive and react to a stimulus; declines with age
personality - ✔️ a unique pattern of our innate and learned behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
polypharmacy - ✔️ use of multiple medications, or when more drugs are prescribed or taken than is clinically needed
positive aging - ✔️ elders who have maintained their psychological well-being and sense of meaning while coping with multiple challenges throughout life
positivity effect - ✔️ process whereby older adults attend to, learn from, and retain positive information better than neutral or negative stimuli, because it helps them regulate emotional experiences by focusing on positive information
primary mental abilities (PMAs) - ✔️ the basic set of intellectual skills, including mathematical reasoning, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation
problem-solving therapy - ✔️ a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that teaches patients effective techniques for coping with their concerns such as related to their depression
recall - ✔️ the process of searching through secondary memory in response to a specific external cue
recognition - ✔️ matching information in secondary memory with the stimulus information
reminiscence therapy -
2025 Graded A+
✔️ the ability to recall where objects are in relationship to each other in space
stage theories of personality - ✔️ development of an individual through various levels, each stage being necessary for adaptation and for psychological adjustment
successful aging - ✔️ achievement of good physical and functional health and cognitive and emotional well-being in old age, often accompanied by strong social support and productive activity
suicide - ✔️ intentionally killing oneself, with older white men at highest risk for doing so
sun downing - ✔️ a confused state when persons with dementia become fatigued later in the day when natural light levels are lower
tip-of-the-tongue states - ✔️ difficulty retrieving names from secondary memory but often spontaneously recalled later
traits - ✔️ characteristics or typical attributes that remain relatively stable with age
vigilance or sustained attention - ✔️ keeping alert to focus on a specific stimulus over time
visual mediators - ✔️ use of visual images to assist recall
working (primary) memory - ✔️ holding newly acquired information in storage; a maximum of 7+-2 stimuli before processing into secondary memory or discarding it
ageism - ✔️ refers to negative stereotypes about old age and may result in discrimination
baby boomers - ✔️ the cohort or group of people born between 1946 and 1964, currently numbering 79 million people
birth cohort - ✔️ a group of people born within the same particular time span
chronological aging -
2025 Graded A+
✔️ based on a person's years lived from birth
cohort - ✔️ groups of people who were born at approximately the same time and therefore share many common life and historical experiences
cross-sectional - ✔️ research that compares people of different chronological ages at the same measurement period
geriatrics - ✔️ a specialty within the health professions that is concerned with the prevention or management of diseases that occur as people age
life course perspective - ✔️ understanding older adulthood as part of a continuity of human development across the life span - from birth to old age - and taking into account historical, political, cultural, economic, and other societal circumstances that affect how we age
longitudinal study - ✔️ research that includes the measurement of the same person or group of people over a specified period of time, typically years
psychological aging - ✔️ involves alterations that occur in cognitive abilities (e.g. memory, learning, and intelligence), adaptive capacity, and personality
sequential designs - ✔️ a research method used to study older adults and other groups over a period of time and may come in three types; cohort sequential, time sequential, and cross- sequential
social aging - ✔️ an individual's changing roles and relationships with family, friends, and other informal supports, both paid and unpaid productive roles, and within organizations such as religious and political groups
social gerontology - ✔️ the multidisciplinary study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging
strengths perspective - ✔️ a way of assessing an individual by focusing on qualities and characteristics that emphasize resilience and effective coping mechanisms
