Download CRSS(FANR) 3060 Exam 1 Latest 2024/2025 (Answered) Complete 100% and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
CRSS(FANR) 3060 Exam 1 Latest 2024/2025 (Answered)
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name the six physiographic regions of Georgia Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Sand Hills, Southern Coastal Plain, and Flatwoods what is the oldest, most mature landscape of the Southeast? Piedmont hydrology equation P = ET + Q + change in S breakdown of hydrology equation Precipitation, Evaporation and Transpiration, water discharge, Storage of water in soil soil the layer(s) of generally loose mineral and/or organic material that are affected by physical, chemical, and/or or biological processes at or near the planetary surface, and usually hold liquids, gases and biota and support plant. soil functions Plant growth media, regulate water supply, recycle raw materials, habitat for soil organisms, engineering medium the four processes additions, losses, transformations, translocations additions
largely humus additions to the A horizon losses losses from the soil profile including soluble minerals during weathering and surface erosion transformations via chemical or physical modification such as primary minerals to secondary minerals due to weathering reactions or humus synthesis translocations examples include clay and iron from the A and E horizons into the B. Transport of B and C horizon material to the surface by termites, ants, or burrowing rodents. how many feet in an acre? 43,560 sq feet how many hectare in an acre? .4047 ha pedogenesis describes the formation and development of the soil profile pedon the three-dimensional body of soil used as the soil base of reference shape of silicate tetrahedron
Igneous rock a rock that formed by the cooling and solidification of liquid parts of the lithosphere Loess deposit of windblown soil particles, largely silt size metamorphic rock rock formed by recrystallization of igneous or sedimentary rock under great pressure and heat whereby the minerals contained in the rock become reoriented Oxidation a mineral weathering process wherein oxygen ions combine with multivalent elements such as iron, loss of electrons from an atom, molecule, anion, or cation regolith unconsolidated material above solid bedrock sedimentary rock a rock composed of sediment, that is, deposits made by water, wind, ice, and gravity secondary mineral a mineral formed by weathering from a primary mineral. For example, Kaolinite is a secondary mineral formed from feldspar. solum The A and B horizons together or the single one of these that overlies the C horizon at a site fine earth less than 2mm in diameter sand, silt, and clay
major role in plant growth course earth greater than 2mm in diameter gravel, stones sand particles 2 to 0.05mm silt particles 0.05-0.002 mm. Too small to see without a microscope or to feel individually. Feels smooth, but not sticky, even when wet. Has a floury feel. clay particles less than 0.002mm in diameter soil texture an expression of the relative amounts or percentages of sand, silt, and clay. Permanent property. soil structure the arrangement of soil particles porosity the volume occupied in soil by pores good number is 50% red = iron is oxidized, not hydrated
reverse of immobilization, wherein organic forms of nutrients in organic materials are converted to the inorganic forms by soil organisms during decomposition folistic a more or less freely drained horizon that formed in organic materials histic a saturated horizon that formed in organic materials mollic Thick, dark colored, high base saturation, strong structure ochric a more or less minimally developed surface horizon, typically thin or light colored, that does not meet the criteria for any other epipedon umbric a thick, dark-colored, humus-rich horizon with low base status albic horizon light-colored, leached subsoil horizon andic soil properties unique soil properties associated with materials that are rich in volcanic glass or poorly crystalline minerals Aquic conditions saturation in the soil to the extent that it results in the depletion of oxygen
argillic horizon subsoil horizon with an illuvial accumulation of clay calcic horizon subsoil horizon with an illuvial accumulation of calcium carbonate(CaCO3) cambic horizon subsoil horizon with minimal development kandic horizon subsoil horizon with low nutrient-holding capacity and significantly more clay than the overlaying surface layer oxic horizon subsoil horizon that is extremely weathered and has a very low nutrient-holding capacity spodic horizon subsoil horizon with an illuvial accumulation of organic matter in complex with aluminum and also iron type of deposit alluvium, collovium, residuum, eolian, glacial deposits, volcanic ash five factors of soil formation climate, organisms, relief, parent material, time CLORPT how long does it take for soil to form? 100 years for 1" of soil
e organic material of intermediate decomposition; used with O i slightly decomposed OM; used with O b buried genetic horizon g strong gleying; dominant color has chroma of 2 or less. wet horizon h illuvial accumulation of OM; used with B p plowing; used only with A r weathered or soft bedrock; only used with C t illuvial accumulation of silicate w development of color or structure; used with B horizon f permanently frozen soil
k accumulation of carbonates m cementation or induration; used with symbol for cementing material munsell color system HUE, VALUE, CHROMA List five soil functions
- Regulate water supply
- Recycle raw materials
- Habitat (soil organisms)
- Plant growth media
- Modifies atmosphere T/F: soil is a non-renewable resource True What are the biogeochemical processes of soil? Soil = Transformations, Translocations, Additions, Losses S = ALTT What are the three properties of soil? Briefly describe them
- physical: color, texture, aggregates
- chemical: pH, base saturation, Organic Matter
- biological: Macroinvertebrates, bacteria, organic matter/animals How is soil formed and lost by erosion?
What kind of climate do areas with smooth features and rolling slopes have?
- Humid climates What kind of climate do areas with angular features and steep slopes have?
- Arid climates What kind of climate do areas with jagged peaks and U-shaped valleys have?
- Glacial climate How does time affect landscape development?
- Older = low, rounded hills and/or broad, flat valleys
- Younger = higher elevation and/or steep slopes What is the basic water balance formula? P = ET = Q + ΔS
- P = Precipitation
- Q = discharge
- ET = evapotranspiration
- ΔS = Change is storage Define subbasin Area of land from which all surface run-off flows to a point in a water course Describe the general trend of numbering stream orders
- Trend goes out - in
- Number 1 - 5 ... (1 being the thinnest stream, 2 being where 1s join to form a bigger stream) Describe a dendritic drainage pattern
- Develops on uniform bedrock
- "tree branch" pattern leading to large rivers Describe a rectangular drainage pattern
- Dvps on highly jointed bedrock
- geometric tree branch - almost 90 degress of angles weather flowing into drainage Describe a radial drainage pattern
- Dvps on isolated volcano cones or domes
- Disconnected pattern where multiple streams flow in a radial pattern
- "walmart logo" Describe a Trellis drainage pattern
- Dvps in area of alternating weak and resistant bedrock
- Small shoots coming off a thicker drainage line
- "fence/trellis" shape Define weathering rind
- The outermost ring around a rock that is broken down first
- Usually a discolored ring on outermost edge of a rock Define the process of weathering
- Rock - > parent material - > soil Define physical weathering. Give an example
- Physical alteration of rock
- Expansion/Contraction (heating & cooling) & abrasion Define chemical weathering. Give an example
- Chemical alteration of the minerals in a rock to new minerals
- Oxidation & reduction
Name the groups of weathering of minerals and give an example
- Soluble: Gypsum
- Easily weathered: Calcite
- Slowly weathered: Faldspars
- Very slowly, waxed: Quartz
- Stable: Clay minerals & Fe oxides What are the 5 factors of soil formation? Give it as a function Soil forming FACTORS = ⨏(cl, o, r, p, t)
- Cl = climate
- O = Organic matter
- R = relief
- P = parent material
- T = time Describe parent material Weathered rock from which soil forms Name & define the types of deposit that come from parent materals
- Alluvium: transported by water
- Colluvium: transported by gravity
- Residuum: formed in place / not transported or relocated
- Aeolian: Transported by wind List some of the things that affect topography
- The lay of the land
- Erosion/deposition
- Aspect
- Slope
- Water/energy List some of the things that affect climate
- Precipitation
- Temperature List the 4 factors in the soil forming process. What is it as a function?
- Soil forming PROCESSES = A + L + T +T
- A = Additions
- L = Losses
- T = Transportation
- T = Translocation Describe the parts that make up soil horizons (Horizionation)
- Water
- Energy
- Gravity
- Eluviation v illuviation (removal v accumulation) Eluviation - taking away Illuviation - giving it back What is macromorphology of soil?
- Recognizing horizons based off of visible and physical features
- Color, texture, structure, rock fragments List three things that give soil its color
- Organic Matter (Brown or black)
- Iron and manganese oxides (red, yellow)
- Salts (carbonates, gypsum) How do we quantify soil color?
- Munsell color system: Quantitative system that measures visual differences in color characteristics
- A
- E
- B
- C
- R
Describe an O horizon
- layers dominated by organic material in various stages of decomposition from fully decayed "humus" to fresh litter Describe an A horizon
- mineral horizons formed at the soil surface or below an O horizon; characterized by accumulation of OM or having properties resulting from cultivation, pasturing, etc Describe an E horizon
- Mineral horizons Describe a B horizon
- Mineral horizons formed below A, E, or O horizon that are dominated by obliteration of a blocky rock structure and by pedogenic alteration What is bulk density?
- A measure that delineates how much solid vs pore space is found in soil
- Impt bc lower pore % = less ability to drain water, allow root formation, lower exchange of gasses What is the formula for bulk density?
- ρb = mass oven dry soil / volume of soil Do rock or soil have higher bulk density?
- Fine textured soils generally have a lower bulk density
- Usually bc soil has pore space & rock does not
- OM will lower the bulk density What is the constant we will use in this class for density of rock or mineral?
- The density of quartz
- 2.65 g/cm Define porosity
- The amt id pore spce in a given volume of soil What is the formula for % pore space? (1- (ρb(bulk density)/ρp(pore density)) * 100
- Constant used for ρb is 2.65 g/cm What are some things that are related to soil compaction?
- Soil texture
- Depth in the profile
- Mgmt
- Soil structure
- Organic Matter How can people improve soil tilth / decrease compaction?
- Minimize tillage/disturbance
- Add OM (mulch, cover crop, manure, etc)
- Apps of calcium (ex gypsum) to promote flocculation of particles
- Trafficking only when soil is sufficiently dry Describe the components of a munsell color
- Hue, Value/Chroma
- Hue = page #
