Download Cognitive psychology Exam 1: Chapter 1 and 2 Questions And Answers and more Exams Cognitive Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
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Cognitive psychology - correct answer ✅the study of the mind and mental processes Mental processes - correct answer ✅what is the definition for perception, attention, memory, language and deciding? CAPTCHA - correct answer ✅In answering ____________ it shows you aren't a robot Wihelm Wundt (1832-1920) - correct answer ✅he came up with the periodic table of the mind, and was involved in analytical introspection William James (1842) - correct answer ✅He stated that consciousness does not appear to itself and used introspection based on his own sight
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introspection - correct answer ✅it is hard to get reproducible results, variability. and it is not objective. Physical properties - correct answer ✅The first attempt to measuring the mind was to link mental processes to measurable _______ ______ Francisus Donders (1818-1889) - correct answer ✅He studied how long it would take to make a decision. With the experiment of seeing a dot being displayed on the left or right and having to detect the light and press a key as soon as you saw it. Hermann Ebbinghaus (1815-1909) - correct answer ✅He studied how fast can we remember things such as GHK TFI VKA and then to recall them later and deterring how long it would take to memorize the sequence of the list.
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B.F. Skinner - correct answer ✅This researcher came up with operant conditioning where consistent pairing of a stimulus with behavior can have a positive or negative response reducing or increasing behavior reinforcer - correct answer ✅A stimulus that increases the frequency of associated behavior (food): punisher - correct answer ✅A stimulus that decreases the frequency of associated behavior (electric shock): Mental map - correct answer ✅When the rat was placed and was directed to the food being on the right, what caused him to go to the left when he was placed in a different location? Noam Chomsky - correct answer ✅Who argued that language was not learned through conditioning
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Sternberg - correct answer ✅This researcher memorized sets of number and came up with the conclusion that the larger the set the slower the response will be on recalling if you saw that number displayed again. Neuron - correct answer ✅The _____ is a link in a network joined by synapses axons - correct answer ✅when light enters our eyes ______ of the first layer of neurons meet dendrites of the second layer electrical signal - correct answer ✅How does information transfer by neuron networks?
- along the neuron: _____________ chemical signal - correct answer ✅How does information transfer by neuron networks?
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Nerve impulse - correct answer ✅a brief change in potential traveling along neuron that allows ions to pass through is: Temporary potential - correct answer ✅This is caused by change in membrane: ions can temporarily pass through channels Chemical signal - correct answer ✅This signal has synapses that separate neurons by 0.2. arrival of a neuron impulse along an axon leads to a release of a neurotransmitter molecules from axon and their movement across the axon. excitatory neurotransmitters - correct answer ✅this neurotransmitter increases the chance of post synaptic nerve impulses inhibitory neurotransmitters - correct answer ✅this neurotransmitter decreases probability of nerve impulses after synapse
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synapse - correct answer ✅this is also where psychodynamic chemicals (drugs) take effect different - correct answer ✅Different neurons convey ______ messages to the brain Neurons receptive field - correct answer ✅regions of space in which the light levels influence the neurons firing Retina - correct answer ✅where the retinal ganglion cells are primary visual cortex - correct answer ✅where the visual information first enter the cerebral cortex
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Left side - correct answer ✅What part of the brain is associated with movement? slower - correct answer ✅The sleepier you are the __________ the fluctuations will be on your EEG fMRI - correct answer ✅What is used to measure the blood flow of the brain oxygen - correct answer ✅Nerve cells need _________ supply from blood to function Oxygen-rich blood - correct answer ✅When something has more neural activity: it has more _______ - _______ ________
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Angelo Masso 1846-1910 - correct answer ✅this researcher balanced people and told them to do tasks but when tipping the body the head became heavier showing that blood flows to the brain John Fulton - correct answer ✅This researcher had a patient who had a missing part to his skull so he was able to hear the blood flow diresctful 4-6 seconds - correct answer ✅It takes about _____ _____ _____ for oxygen blood to reach high metabolic level in the brain Lesions - correct answer ✅this is caused by diseases and specific location causes specific mental effects Patient HM: Henry Molaison - correct answer ✅He had severe epilepsy so they removed part of his brain so he would no longer have seizures but the part of his brain that was removed was the back hemisphere parts which later showed that part of the brain had to do with memory because
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mind - correct answer ✅The _______ creates and controls mental capacities such as perception, attention, and memory, and created representations of the world that enable us to function Donder's - correct answer ✅The work of ________ was simple vs. choice reaction time Ebbinghaus - correct answer ✅The work of _________ was the forgetting curve for nonsense syllables Wundt - correct answer ✅The first laboratory of scientific psychology, founded by ________ in 1879, was concerned largely with studying the mind Structuralism - correct answer ✅To Wundt, __________ was the dominant theoretical approach of this lab, and analytical introspection was one of the major methods used to collect data
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William James - correct answer ✅___________ in the United States, used observations of his own mind as the basis of textbook, "Principles of Psychology" John Watson - correct answer ✅In the first decade of the 20th century,____________ founded behaviorism, partly in reaction to structuralism and the method of analytic introsepection. classical conditioning - correct answer ✅John Watson's approach on experiments was
B.F. Skinner's - correct answer ✅________ worked on operant conditioning assured that behaviorism would be the dominant force in psychology through the 1950's
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Saving curve - correct answer ✅shows that memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after the initial learning and then levels off
- It produced extremely variable results from person to person
- These results were difficult to verify because they were interpreted in term of invisible inner mental processes - correct answer ✅What were the two problems with analytic introspection Cognitive map - correct answer ✅The Maze used by ________ ended with the idea of a cognitive or mental map that created a conception of the rat's mind of the maze layout Chomsky - correct answer ✅___________ said children learn language through operant conditioning Artificial intelligence - correct answer ✅McCarthy defined the artificial intelligence
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approach as making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving Process models - correct answer ✅represent the processes that are involved in cognitive mechanisms, with boxes usually representing specific processes and arrows indicating connections between processes Sensory memory - correct answer ✅holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short term memory, which holds limited capacity and holds information for seconds Episodic memory - correct answer ✅memory for events in your life (like what you did last weekend) Semantic memory - correct answer ✅memory for facts (such as the names of recent U.S. presidents
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Camillo Golgi - correct answer ✅_________ ________ created a staining technique in which a think slice of brain tissues was immersed in a solution of silver nitrate Cajal - correct answer ✅said the nerve net was not continuous but was instead made up of individual units connected together; The ideas that individual cells transmit signals to the nervous system and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed in the nerve net theory The Cell Body - correct answer ✅A metabolic center of the neuron; it contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive The dendrites - correct answer ✅The branch out from the cell body is to receive signals from other neurons
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Axons (nerve fibers) - correct answer ✅Are usually long processes that transmit signals to other neurons Synapse - correct answer ✅There is a small gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron called the____________ neural circuits - correct answer ✅Neurons are not connected indiscriminately to other neurons but form connection only to specific neurons called
Receptors - correct answer ✅In addition to neurons in the brain, there are also neurons that are specialized to pick up information from the environment, such as neurons in the eye, ear, and the skin, called
