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1981 marks which of the following events in regard to HIV? A) HIV is named the "Scourge of Our Times" B) The AIDS epidemic is officially named C) HIV is discovered among the primates in Africa D) The CDC publishes a description of rare lung infection cases - ANSD) The CDC publishes a description of rare lung infection cases A high viral load indicates: A) More HIV is present B) An abundance of viral breakdown products in the blood serum due to destruction of the HIV virus particles C) Presence of a plethora of complex antiretroviral molecules D) An opportunistic viral infection has taken residence due to the immunosuppression caused by HIV - ANSA) More HIV is present A relatively symptom-free interval may be extended up to several decades by initiation and diligent adherence to which of the following? A) Comprehensive nutritional therapy focusing on a strict vegan, low protein regimen B) Antiretroviral therapy C) Daily colonics utilizing high electrolyte solutions D) Prophylactic antibiotics to ward off opportunistic infections - ANSB) Antiretroviral therapy Adherence to HIV treatment regimens is best encouraged by: A) Being consistent in addressing adherence every time the individual visits in a calm, matter of fact manner. B) The white coat phenomenon C) Utilizing your authority status to overwhelm any objections or hints that complete compliance is lacking. D) Candidly informing the HIV sufferer that due to the status HIV has as a public health danger mandatory isolation and forced treatment is an available option should voluntary cooperation be lacking. - ANSA) Being consistent in addressing adherence every time the individual visits in a calm, matter of fact manner. AIDS and HIV are two separate and distinct viral diseases. A) True B) False - ANSB) False AIDS is officially diagnosed in the HIV infected individual when the CD4 count falls below: A) 200 cells/mm B) 300 cells/mm C) 100 cells/mm D) 500 cells/mm3 - ANSA) 200 cells/mm
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AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. A) True B) False - ANSA) True As long as it is fully healed, a circumcision reduces the risk of acquiring and/or transmitting the HIV virus. A) True B) False - ANSA) True Atazanavir is which type of antiretroviral medication? A) HIV integrase inhibitor B) Protease inhibitor C) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor D) Fusion inhibitor - ANSB) Protease inhibitor CDC reports indicate HIV rates have recently stabilized to around how many new cases? A) More than 80, B) Less than 10, C) Around 100, D) Around 50,000 - ANSD) Around 50, Comprehensive consent to medical treatment serves as consent for testing of HIV, as long as, the individual is informed that it is included. A) True B) False - ANSA) True Condoms provide a 100% failsafe prevention of HIV. A) True B) False - ANSB) False Direct blood exposure is best demonstrated by which of the following: A) Breast milk B) Pre-semina fluid C) Unsterilized body piercing tools D) Vaginal fluids - ANSC) Unsterilized body piercing tools Drug-to-drug interactions are frequent and a very real management concern during HIV treatment. A) True B) False - ANSA) True During periods of active HIV proliferation a single milliliter of blood may contain how many copies of the virus?
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HIV prevention counseling must occur prior to any type of HIV diagnostic testing in order to be compliant with CDC recommendations and federal law. A) True B) False - ANSB) False How many Americans age 14 and older live with HIV according to the CDC? A) 20, B) 850, C) Less than one million D) More than one million - ANSD) More than one million Identification of the HIV virus occurred in which year? A) 1981 B) 1983 C) 1959 D) 1997 - ANSB) 1983 In 2015, individuals who are immigrating to the United States are denied entry if they have a positive test for HIV. A) True B) False - ANSB) False In the stage called AIDS, the body's immune system has been damaged sufficiently to make the infected individual vulnerable to all of the following except: A) Disease B) Allergy induced eczema C) Infections D) Infected related cancers - ANSB) Allergy induced eczema Kissing an HIV infected individual is a common way that the HIV virus is transmitted A) True B) False - ANSB) False Lifestyle changes and consistent compliance with antiretroviral medications can reduce the chance of transmitting HIV to others by as much as: A) 60% B) 33% C) 100% D) 90% - ANSD) 90% Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, "Nukes", work by which of the following mechanism of action? A) Nukes utilize high frequency isotopic components to bind HIV viral particles inside of the host cell preventing them from progressing in their infective cycle.
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B) Nukes interfere with the process of newly formed HIV virus using the enzyme protease to gather components it needs to mature. C) Nukes block HIV genetic material from creating altered DNA from viral RNA. D) Nukes prevent DNA from the virus being inserted into the chromosome of a host cell by interfering with the HIV integrase enzyme. - ANSC) Nukes block HIV genetic material from creating altered DNA from viral RNA. Once diagnosed with AIDS, the current diagnostic protocols allow backward travel through the HIV stages for instances of remission or medication suppression of the symptoms. A) True B) False - ANSB) False One typical reason for poor HIV treatment adherence is: A) Fully subsidized healthcare costs B) Simple regimen C) Pill fatigue D) Lack of negative stigma - ANSC) Pill fatigue Over which spread of years was AIDS the leading cause of death for Americans ages 25 - 44? A) 1994 - 1996 B) 1988 - 1998 C) 1981 - 1998 D) 1983 and upwards - ANSA) 1994 - 1996 Research by Dr. Michel Worobey demonstrated with 99.7% reliability that one strain of HIV came into the United States from which island country? A) Guam B) Madagascar C) Haiti D) Australia - ANSC) Haiti Signs that the asymptomatic stage of HIV infection is drawing to a close include which of the following pairs of blood values? A) Decreased viral load with decreased CD4 count B) Increased viral load with decreased CD4 count C) Decreased viral load with increased CD4 count D) Increased viral load with increased CD4 count - ANSB) Increased viral load with decreased CD4 count Stabilization of new HIV cases each year leads to which of the following? A) A continual decrease in HIV cases leading to a decline in the HIV cases reported to the CDC B) Overall lowering of the number of HIV infected individuals in the United States
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The presence of another sexually transmitted disease can increase the risk of acquiring an HIV infection by which of the following factors: A) The presence of another STD has no effect on HIV transmission rates B) As much as six times the risk of acquiring HIV C) As much as twice the risk of acquiring HIV D) As much as four times the risk of acquiring HIV - ANSD) As much as four times the risk of acquiring HIV The risk of pregnant HIV mothers giving the infection to their babies before or during birth is: A) Nine out of ten births B) Six out of twenty births C) Two out of one hundred births D) Five out of ten births - ANSC) Two out of one hundred births The spread of infectious agents can occur more readily with the modern vectors of mass transportation? A) True B) False - ANSA) True The use of condoms always prevents the transmission of HIV. A) True B) False - ANSB) False Viewed by ethnicity, which of the following groups have the highest rate of new cases of HIV? A) Caucasian middle-aged heterosexual women B) Black/African American MSM C) White heterosexual men D) Hispanic/Latino youth - ANSB) Black/African American MSM Viral load refers to which of the following? A) Quantity of HIV viral particles present in the individual's blood stream B) Percentage of viral antigen present in serum C) Amount of CD4 cells present in one cubic milliliter of blood D) Degree to which the Helper-T cells have been colonized by the HIV virus - ANSA) Quantity of HIV viral particles present in the individual's blood stream Viral loads are commonly measured: A) Weekly B) Annually unless otherwise indicated by changes in the CD4 count C) Daily times three days, weekly times three weeks, monthly for three months, then prior to annual clinic checkups D) Every three to six months - ANSD) Every three to six months
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What is the average life expectancy of an untreated AIDS individual who also has a dangerous opportunistic illness? A) Six years B) Three years C) Nine years D) Less than one year - ANSD) Less than one year What kind of HIV testing allows only the individual to access the results? A) Confidential testing B) Mandatory testing C) Opt-out testing D) Anonymous testing - ANSD) Anonymous testing What ratio of Americans infected with HIV have no idea they have the disease? A) 1 in five individuals have no idea they are infected B) Seven out of ten infected are clueless as to their infection status C) Five in a hundred individuals are unaware D) They are all aware that they have HIV - ANSA) 1 in five individuals have no idea they are infected When pre-exposure prophylaxis is taken consistently before and after a high-risk incident, there is a decrease in a resulting HIV infection of: A) No benefit B) Around 60% C) Around 90% D) Around 30% - ANSC) Around 90% When using a rapid screening HIV test it is important to use a laboratory follow-up confirmation test. A) True B) False - ANSA) True Which high risk behavior causes the majority of new HIV infections in developing countries? A) Vaginal intercourse B) Contaminated blood products C) Men who have sex with men D) Intravenous drug use - ANSA) Vaginal intercourse Which of the following best describes the term syndrome? A) A syndrome is a physical feature that is regarded as an indicator of a condition or disease. B) A syndrome is an expression or sign unique to a specific illness.
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C) Antibody tests D) Nucleic acid tests - ANSA) Antigen/Antibody tests Which of the following is most accurate concerning the symptoms accompanying acute retroviral syndrome? A) The symptoms are an accurate indicator of the effectiveness of the chosen antiretroviral medication. B) The symptoms serve as guides prompting the right type of diagnostic interview questions that may lead to early treatment. C) The symptoms indicate the beginning of AIDS. D) The symptoms always signify the presence of HIV inifection. - ANSB) The symptoms serve as guides prompting the right type of diagnostic interview questions that may lead to early treatment. Which of the following is recommended by the CDC concerning HIV test prevention counseling? A) It is not to be a required part of HIV screening programs. B) Signed consents should be obtained for counseling prior to HIV testing. C) Mandatory pre and post HIV test counseling should occur. D) A three-day waiting period must occur between pre-test counseling and HIV screening. - ANSA) It is not to be a required part of HIV screening programs. Which of the following is the preferred method of confirming initial positive HIV screening results? A) Western blot protein immunoblotting IgM IgG test B) Fourth generation Ag/Ab immunoassay C) CIA chemiluminescent immunoassay D) ELISA enzyme linked immune assay - ANSB) Fourth generation Ag/Ab immunoassay Which of the following occurs prior to positive HIV test results being forwarded to the CDC? A) PEP is initiated B) State health departments compile the data and strip them of all personal information. C) Mandatory antiretroviral medication is initiated. D) Microchip tracking devices are implanted in the HIV positive individual and the radio tracking frequency sticker added to the report to better allow the CDC to collect epidemiological data regarding the spreading pandemic. - ANSB) State health departments compile the data and strip them of all personal information. Which of the following protects the HIV positive individuals friends and family against discrimination or denial of services related to being a family member or friend of an HIV infected individual? A) The 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act B) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
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C) There are no protections for family or friends of the infected D) Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act - ANSD) Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act Which of the following represents an opportunity for HIV to develop viral drug resistance to HIV treatment agents? A) Utilizing good nutritional practices and physical exercise during HIV infection B) Increasing quantities of prophylactic antibiotics C) Beginning retroviral treatment early and consistently adhering to the treatment D) Exposure to many antiretroviral agents at sub-therapeutic levels - ANSD) Exposure to many antiretroviral agents at sub-therapeutic levels Which of the following situations is not an indication for PrEP? A) A gay or bisexual man who has regular unprotected anal sex B) An HIV negative individual in an ongoing relationship with an HIV positive partner C) Individuals who inject heroin D) Sexual assault - ANSD) Sexual assault Which pair of activities cumulatively accounts for around half of all new HIV cases in the United States? A) Heterosexual sex and inhaled cocaine use B) MSM and injection drug usage C) Breast feeding by HIV positive women and receiving tattoos D) Blood sharing rituals and vaginal intercourse. - ANSB) MSM and injection drug usage Which stage of HIV infection holds the highest risk for spread to others? A) Risk of spread is equal in all of the stages of HIV infection B) Acute HIV infection C) AIDS D) Chronic HIV infection - ANSB) Acute HIV infection Without treatment, what is the life expectancy of an individual diagnosed in the final stage of HIV, known as AIDS? A) Three years B) Six years C) Ten years D) One year - ANSA) Three years 1981 marks which of the following events in regard to HIV? A) HIV is named the "Scourge of Our Times" B) The AIDS epidemic is officially named C) HIV is discovered among the primates in Africa D) The CDC publishes a description of rare lung infection cases - ANSD) The CDC publishes a description of rare lung infection cases
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B) False - ANSA) True Atazanavir is which type of antiretroviral medication? A) HIV integrase inhibitor B) Protease inhibitor C) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor D) Fusion inhibitor - ANSB) Protease inhibitor CDC reports indicate HIV rates have recently stabilized to around how many new cases? A) More than 80, B) Less than 10, C) Around 100, D) Around 50,000 - ANSD) Around 50, Comprehensive consent to medical treatment serves as consent for testing of HIV, as long as, the individual is informed that it is included. A) True B) False - ANSA) True Condoms provide a 100% failsafe prevention of HIV. A) True B) False - ANSB) False Direct blood exposure is best demonstrated by which of the following: A) Breast milk B) Pre-semina fluid C) Unsterilized body piercing tools D) Vaginal fluids - ANSC) Unsterilized body piercing tools Drug-to-drug interactions are frequent and a very real management concern during HIV treatment. A) True B) False - ANSA) True During periods of active HIV proliferation a single milliliter of blood may contain how many copies of the virus? A) As many as a thousand viral bodies B) As many as five thousand viral bodies C) As many as twelve thousand viral bodies D) As many as a million viral bodies - ANSD) As many as a million viral bodies Health authorities recommend HIV screening for which of the following comprehensive groups? A) All adolescents and adults ages 13-
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B) Postmenopausal sexually active women C) All immigrants applying for citizenship D) All military service personnel - ANSA) All adolescents and adults ages 13- HIV can be spread by insects, including bed bugs, ticks, or mosquitoes. A) True B) False - ANSB) False HIV can only be passed by direct blood exposure from the blood of an infected individual to the blood of a receiving individual. A) True B) False - ANSB) False HIV infected individuals in the chronic/asymptomatic stage can still infect others. A) True B) False - ANSA) True HIV infected individuals often look and feel healthy during which stage of HIV infection? A) Acute HIV infection B) AIDS C) Chronic HIV infection D) HIV is symptomatic in all of its stages with debilitating illness - ANSC) Chronic HIV infection HIV infection is a reportable condition allowing public health authorities to track incidence and rate of spread of the condition. A) True B) False - ANSA) True HIV is a curable disease. A) True B) False - ANSB) False HIV is a preventable disease. A) True B) False - ANSA) True HIV prevention counseling must occur prior to any type of HIV diagnostic testing in order to be compliant with CDC recommendations and federal law. A) True B) False - ANSB) False How many Americans age 14 and older live with HIV according to the CDC? A) 20, B) 850,
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Once diagnosed with AIDS, the current diagnostic protocols allow backward travel through the HIV stages for instances of remission or medication suppression of the symptoms. A) True B) False - ANSB) False One typical reason for poor HIV treatment adherence is: A) Fully subsidized healthcare costs B) Simple regimen C) Pill fatigue D) Lack of negative stigma - ANSC) Pill fatigue Over which spread of years was AIDS the leading cause of death for Americans ages 25 - 44? A) 1994 - 1996 B) 1988 - 1998 C) 1981 - 1998 D) 1983 and upwards - ANSA) 1994 - 1996 Research by Dr. Michel Worobey demonstrated with 99.7% reliability that one strain of HIV came into the United States from which island country? A) Guam B) Madagascar C) Haiti D) Australia - ANSC) Haiti Signs that the asymptomatic stage of HIV infection is drawing to a close include which of the following pairs of blood values? A) Decreased viral load with decreased CD4 count B) Increased viral load with decreased CD4 count C) Decreased viral load with increased CD4 count D) Increased viral load with increased CD4 count - ANSB) Increased viral load with decreased CD4 count Stabilization of new HIV cases each year leads to which of the following? A) A continual decrease in HIV cases leading to a decline in the HIV cases reported to the CDC B) Overall lowering of the number of HIV infected individuals in the United States C) A slower yet continuing increase in the number of HIV infected individuals in the United States D) Stabilization of the number of HIV infected individuals in the United States - ANSC) A slower yet continuing increase in the number of HIV infected individuals in the United States
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The body system primarily responsible for defending the human body from invading organisms is which of the following? A) Central nervous system B) Hematopoietic system C) Synaptic system D) Immune system - ANSD) Immune system The CDC states that a separate written consent for HIV testing is not recommended. A) True B) False - ANSA) True The coursework provided me with new information about HIV and AIDS. A) True B) False - ANSA) True The end of the acute stage of HIV infection is often signaled by which of the following? A) A rebound in CD4 count through not the pre-infection levels B) A body wide rash with fluid filled vesicles C) Death D) A dramatic lowering of the CD4 count, at times lower than 200 cells/mm3 - ANSA) A rebound in CD4 count through not the pre-infection levels The HIV virus hunts and replicates itself inside of which of the following human body cells? A) Immune cells B) Cardiac tissue C) Lung tissue D) Skin cells - ANSA) Immune cells The most reasonable theory concerning the origin of the HIV virus is which of the following? A) The mutation of a common virus from the influenza family B) A cross species mutation of SIV from infected African primates to local humans in the region C) The escape of a designed bioweapon from a hidden research laboratory in the Ukraine D) Visitors from other worlds conducting research on humans in the Caribbean, most liekly those living in Haiti - ANSB) A cross species mutation of SIV from infected African primates to local humans in the region The presence of another sexually transmitted disease can increase the risk of acquiring an HIV infection by which of the following factors: A) The presence of another STD has no effect on HIV transmission rates B) As much as six times the risk of acquiring HIV C) As much as twice the risk of acquiring HIV
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D) Less than one year - ANSD) Less than one year What kind of HIV testing allows only the individual to access the results? A) Confidential testing B) Mandatory testing C) Opt-out testing D) Anonymous testing - ANSD) Anonymous testing What ratio of Americans infected with HIV have no idea they have the disease? A) 1 in five individuals have no idea they are infected B) Seven out of ten infected are clueless as to their infection status C) Five in a hundred individuals are unaware D) They are all aware that they have HIV - ANSA) 1 in five individuals have no idea they are infected When pre-exposure prophylaxis is taken consistently before and after a high-risk incident, there is a decrease in a resulting HIV infection of: A) No benefit B) Around 60% C) Around 90% D) Around 30% - ANSC) Around 90% When using a rapid screening HIV test it is important to use a laboratory follow-up confirmation test. A) True B) False - ANSA) True Which high risk behavior causes the majority of new HIV infections in developing countries? A) Vaginal intercourse B) Contaminated blood products C) Men who have sex with men D) Intravenous drug use - ANSA) Vaginal intercourse Which of the following best describes the term syndrome? A) A syndrome is a physical feature that is regarded as an indicator of a condition or disease. B) A syndrome is an expression or sign unique to a specific illness. C) A syndrome is an even that clearly shows the presence of a specific underlying disease. D) A syndrome is a group of symptoms commonly found together. - ANSD) A syndrome is a group of symptoms commonly found together. Which of the following best explains the strength of antiretroviral medications? A) ART slows or prevents growth and spread of the HIV virus.
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B) ART kills active HIV in the bloodstream. C) ART prevents HIV viral units from attaching to the cell walls of CD4 Helper T cells. D) ART seeks out and destroys opportunistic infections before they can become established. - ANSA) ART slows or prevents growth and spread of the HIV virus. Which of the following best indicates what the presence of a negative HIV result indicates? A) The individual has been recently infected and has not yet produced enough antibodies to be detected by the test. B) No HIV infection is present. C) An HIV infection is present. D) The individual may have been recently infected and has not yet produced enough antibodies to be detected by the test or no infection is present. - ANSB) No HIV infection is present. Which of the following best indicates why certain types of viruses are known as "retro" or backward? A) HIV inserts the base of its core into the host cells wall rather than the crown of the viral core. B) HIV attacks and overcomes the immune system rather than the immune system attacking and overcoming HIV. C) The proximal end or nose of the virus attaches to CD$ cells in a manner backward to what is typical of viral bodies. D) HIV transcribes its genetics into a host, RNA to DNA, instead of the more common DNA to RNA method. - ANSD) HIV transcribes its genetics into a host, RNA to DNA, instead of the more common DNA to RNA method. Which of the following best indicates why viral load testing is important at the time of diagnosis with HIV? A) Viral load testing will demonstrate if the individual has previously suffered from HIV. B) A baseline viral load is an important factor in gauging further treatment. C) Viral load testing is helpful yet not important until the final stage of HIV infection. D) Viral load test timing protocol is dependent on the date of diagnosis. - ANSA) Viral load testing will demonstrate if the individual has previously suffered from HIV. Which of the following is currently the most commonly used type of HIV test? A) Antigen/Antibody tests B) Viral load tests C) Antibody tests D) Nucleic acid tests - ANSA) Antigen/Antibody tests Which of the following is most accurate concerning the symptoms accompanying acute retroviral syndrome? A) The symptoms are an accurate indicator of the effectiveness of the chosen antiretroviral medication.
