Download BCH 4053 Exam 2 material (lecture 9-15) Exam Questions | 100% Correct Answers | Verified | and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BCH 4053 Exam 2 material (lecture 9-15)
Exam Questions | 100% Correct Answers |
Verified | Latest 2025/2026 Version
What is the purpose of carbohydrates? - CORRECT ANSWERS Energy production, cell structure, and recognition processes
What are the key features that allow the carbohydrates to perform their tasks? - CORRECT ANSWERS -One or more asymmetric centers in their structures
-Ability to form polymers through glycosidic bonds
-Ability to hydrogen bond via numerous -OH components in their structure
What is the structure of a Carbohydrate? - CORRECT ANSWERS An Aldehyde or Ketone with many OH groups attach
How are monosaccharides defined? - CORRECT ANSWERS Inability to be hydrolyzed
What happens when you hydrolyze a polysaccharide or disaccharide? - CORRECT ANSWERS Forms multiple monosaccharides
What process is used to form carbohydrates? - CORRECT ANSWERS Dehydration Synthesis
What do you do when you're trying to figure out the configuration of a carbohydrate, but there is more than one chiral center? - CORRECT ANSWERS Refer to the asymmetric carbon center farthest from the aldehyde group or keto group?
What does the structure of D-Glucose look like? - CORRECT ANSWERS
What does the structure of D-Mannose look like? - CORRECT ANSWERS
What does the structure of D-Galactose look like? - CORRECT ANSWERS
What does the structure of D-Fructose look like? - CORRECT ANSWERS
What is an epimer? - CORRECT ANSWERS Diastereomers that only differ at one chiral center
What is an anomer? - CORRECT ANSWERS Ring structures that differ in alpha or beta configuration
What is a diastereoisomer? - CORRECT ANSWERS Structures that differ in both rotation and physical properties
What type of bond forms Oligosaccharides? - CORRECT ANSWERS glycosidic bonds
What are the bonds between monomers that form disaccharides? - CORRECT ANSWERS Glycosidic bonds
What is a hemiacetal? - CORRECT ANSWERS A carbon surrounded by oxygen
What is a reducing end? - CORRECT ANSWERS A disaccharide that has one monomer at the end of a chain with a hemiacetal
What is a glycoprotein? - CORRECT ANSWERS A protein that has carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain
What is the IUPAC linoleic acid? - CORRECT ANSWERS 9,12-octadecenoic acid (18:2 delta^9,12)
What is the IUPAC linolenic acid? - CORRECT ANSWERS 9,12,15-octadecenoic acid (18: delta^9,12,15)
What is the function of Triglycerol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Stores energy as fat and provides protection
What is hydrolysis? (Trigyceride reaction) - CORRECT ANSWERS Triglycerol + (3 H2O) --> Glycerol + fatty acids
What is saponification? (Trigyceride reaction) - CORRECT ANSWERS Triglycerol + (3 NaOH) --> Glycerol + fatty acids
-Hydroxide ions attack each of the three ester carbonyls in the triglyceride, yielding three fatty acid molecules and one molecule of glycerol
What is hydrogenation? (Trigyceride reaction) - CORRECT ANSWERS unsaturated Triglycerol + (H) (Ni) --> saturated Triglycerol
What are the structural components of Sphingolipids? - CORRECT ANSWERS Contains Shingosine, a fatty acid, and a polar head
Describe the structure of a wax. - CORRECT ANSWERS A long chain alcohol with long chain fatty acids, created by a ester linkage
Why are waxes not very soluble? - CORRECT ANSWERS Waxes have a small polar ester group providing polarity
What are Terpenes? - CORRECT ANSWERS Metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules. Class of lipids built from isoprene. Are classified by the number of five-carbon units they contain
What does the Mevalonic Acid Pathway produce? - CORRECT ANSWERS 3 acetylCoA => isoprene (C5) => (C5)n Terpenes, terpenoids
What does the Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway make? - CORRECT ANSWERS Pyruvate + GAP => Terpenes
Why are steroids classified as a lipid? - CORRECT ANSWERS Based on its hydrophobicity and not its structure
What is cholesterol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Is the precursor for all steroids in your body
What type of steroids does the adrenal cortex synthesize? - CORRECT ANSWERS Adrenocortical hormones, which are corticosteroids and androgens
What are Androgens? - CORRECT ANSWERS Sex hormones that mediate testosterone and estradiol
What are Corticosteroids? - CORRECT ANSWERS glucocorticoids (carbohydrate regulating) and mineralocorticoids (electrolyte regulating)
What is the function of Progestins? - CORRECT ANSWERS Regulate the menstrual cycle
What is the function of Glucocorticoids? - CORRECT ANSWERS Regulate carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS Cholesterol helps to minimize the effects of temperature on fluidity
What are Peripheral Membrane Proteins? - CORRECT ANSWERS Polar proteins that associate with the polar head groups of the bilayer
What are the four interactions of peripheral membrane proteins? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1) Interaction by an amphipathic a-helix
Interaction by a hydrophobic loop
Interaction by a covalent link with a membrane lipid
Interaction by a direct or non-direct electrostatic bonds with membrane lipids
What are Integral Membrane Proteins? - CORRECT ANSWERS Proteins that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that are integrated either fully through the membrane or partially in the membrane
What is a lipid anchor? - CORRECT ANSWERS Soluble globular proteins that have a lipid prosthetic group covalently attached that is integrated into the lipid bilayer and anchors the protein to the bilayer
What are the four lipid anchors? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1) Amide - linked myristry anchors
Thioester - linked fatty acid acyl anchors
Thioether - linked prenyl anchors
Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors
What are the enzymes that can flip phospholipids from one side of the bilayer to the next? - CORRECT ANSWERS Flippases (ATP-dependent), floppases (ATP-dependent), and scramblases (calcium ions)
What does passive diffusion let through the membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS O
What does diffusion through aqueous channel let through the membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS Na+
What does facilitated diffusion with a carrier protein let through the membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS Glucose
What does active transport against the concentration gradient let through the membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS Na+ and K+
What is bulk flow? - CORRECT ANSWERS Vesicles are used to transport large particles (exocytosis and endocytosis)
What is Phagocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS Membrane sinks in and captures solid particles (endocytosis)
What are the components of nucleosides? - CORRECT ANSWERS Sugar and nitrogenous bases
What are the components of nucleotides? - CORRECT ANSWERS Phosphates, sugars, and nitrogenous bases
What are the components of Nucleic acids? - CORRECT ANSWERS multiple nucleotides
What is the structure of adenine? - CORRECT ANSWERS
What is the structure of guanine? - CORRECT ANSWERS
What is the function of small nuclear RNA? - CORRECT ANSWERS Processes initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes
What is the function of the enzyme Topoisomerases? - CORRECT ANSWERS Relax supercoiled DNA (cut & open) Add or remove rotations from DNA helix by temporarily breaking NT strands, rotating ends around e/o, then rejoining broken ends.
What is the function of the enzyme DNA Gyrase? - CORRECT ANSWERS Introduce supercoiling, Creates negative supercoiling
When does supercoiling occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS Only if two polynucleotide strands of the DNA double helix are unable to rotate about each other freely
What are intercalating agents? - CORRECT ANSWERS Molecules that insert themselves into DNA helix causing unwinding
Which way does Negative supercoiling occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS Left-handed
Which way does Positive supercoiling occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS right-handed
What are Toroidal Supercoils? - CORRECT ANSWERS Type of DNA supercoiling that can stabilize by wrapping around proteins
What are Euchromatins? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Chromosome material which does not hold strongly.
-Undergoes the normal process of condensation and decondensation in the cell cycle
What are Heterochromatins? - CORRECT ANSWERS Chromosome material of different density from normal, in which the activity of the genes is modified or suppressed
How is mature mRNA formed? - CORRECT ANSWERS Starts of hnRNA and then capping, tailing, splicing, and base modification take place
What are Introns? - CORRECT ANSWERS Non-coding regions where splicing can be done on mRNA
What are Exons? - CORRECT ANSWERS Alternative coding regions that are spliced to produce alternate forms of a given protein
Describe A-DNA. - CORRECT ANSWERS A form: Right handed 11 residues per turn Anti orientation of n-glycosidic linkage Dehydrated form
Most likely adopted by double stranded RNA
Describe B-DNA. - CORRECT ANSWERS B form: Most common Right handed 11 resides per turn Complementary bases H-bond Anti orientation of n-glycosidic linkage Aromatic rings stack on top of each other โ VDW โ H.phobic Antiparallel
Describe Z-DNA. - CORRECT ANSWERS Z form: Left handed Methylation causes B โ Z 12 bp per turn
