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ansci43a_practical_exercise_1_2.docx, Exercises of Animal Anatomy and Physiology

Central Mindanao University (CMU)Animal Anatomy and Physiology

ansci43a_practical_exercise_1_2.docx

Typology: Exercises

2021/2022

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Name: Mark Louie D. Suganob
Section/Schedule: BSA 2K- Thursday 7-10 AM
BEEF, CARABEEF, CHEVON AND MUTTON PRODUCTION
Practical 1
Overview on Dairy Products
1. Discuss the trend of the top producing regions as well as their prominent provinces for the last
ten years.
For the last ten years, the most prominent regions in the Philippines have been
Region X (Northern Mindanao), particularly Bukidnon, Region IV
(CALABARZON), Region I (Ilocos Region), Region VI (Western Visayas),
and Region VII (Central Visayas) in the cattle dairy production. Even if output
falls slightly in some years, the figures show that overall output has increased.
In the last five years, the goat industry has also grown. Ilocos, Central
Visayas, Central Luzon, and Northern Mindanao are the most productive
areas. The carabao industry is the only one that has declined in the last five
years due to its slow output and low population.
2. Discuss the problems or constraints as well as interventions regarding dairy production. Do
you think that there is a potential prospect of dairy production? Support your answers with
possible strategies.
Dairy production problems and constraints, as well as interventions,
commonly include a lack of feed, a lack of water, insufficient access to
veterinary drugs and services, a lack of improved dairy animals, and
insufficient extension. Furthermore, although many factors could affect dairy
products, I am confident that there is great potential for our daily cattle here in
the Philippines. One way to increase dairy production in the country is through
investment in this type of production, having education and dairying courses
by encouraging young people to pursue this as a major in college and having
schools participate in this, and finally, having a good breed that is resistant to
diseases and adaptable to our country's climate as well as having a high milk
yield.>
3. Discuss the three types of dairy farming systems, namely: grazing-system, the grazing with
supplementary feeding and zero grazing and its effect to dairy enterprise and the industry.
What are the constraints as well as important aspects of each system?
The grazing system is the most common type of dairy farming system. This
system is also known as pasture-intensive or pasture-based. The cows are
rotated between pastures and feedlots throughout the year. This system has
low input costs and requires little equipment. The main limitation of this
system is that it cannot produce enough milk for commercial markets, limiting
it to small-scale production. The semi-intensive grazing with supplementary
feeding dairy farming system combines pasture and feedlot feeding. This
system requires more input than the grazing system but less than zero grazing
or confinement systems. The main limitations of this system are that it
necessitates more equipment and labor because cows are kept in a feedlot for a
portion of the day to consume supplementary feeds, but they are free to roam
in pastures at other times. Zero grazing is a system in which cows are kept in
one location for the duration of their lives. This is the most common type of
dairy production system in the world. The zero-grazing system has both
advantages and disadvantages. The main advantages are that it reduces labor,
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Name: Mark Louie D. Suganob Section/Schedule: BSA 2K- Thursday 7-10 AM BEEF, CARABEEF, CHEVON AND MUTTON PRODUCTION Practical 1 Overview on Dairy Products

  1. Discuss the trend of the top producing regions as well as their prominent provinces for the last ten years.

 For the last ten years, the most prominent regions in the Philippines have been

Region X (Northern Mindanao), particularly Bukidnon, Region IV

(CALABARZON), Region I (Ilocos Region), Region VI (Western Visayas),

and Region VII (Central Visayas) in the cattle dairy production. Even if output

falls slightly in some years, the figures show that overall output has increased.

In the last five years, the goat industry has also grown. Ilocos, Central

Visayas, Central Luzon, and Northern Mindanao are the most productive

areas. The carabao industry is the only one that has declined in the last five

years due to its slow output and low population.

2. Discuss the problems or constraints as well as interventions regarding dairy production. Do

you think that there is a potential prospect of dairy production? Support your answers with possible strategies.

 Dairy production problems and constraints, as well as interventions,

commonly include a lack of feed, a lack of water, insufficient access to

veterinary drugs and services, a lack of improved dairy animals, and

insufficient extension. Furthermore, although many factors could affect dairy

products, I am confident that there is great potential for our daily cattle here in

the Philippines. One way to increase dairy production in the country is through

investment in this type of production, having education and dairying courses

by encouraging young people to pursue this as a major in college and having

schools participate in this, and finally, having a good breed that is resistant to

diseases and adaptable to our country's climate as well as having a high milk

yield.

  1. Discuss the three types of dairy farming systems, namely: grazing-system, the grazing with supplementary feeding and zero grazing and its effect to dairy enterprise and the industry. What are the constraints as well as important aspects of each system?

 The grazing system is the most common type of dairy farming system. This

system is also known as pasture-intensive or pasture-based. The cows are

rotated between pastures and feedlots throughout the year. This system has

low input costs and requires little equipment. The main limitation of this

system is that it cannot produce enough milk for commercial markets, limiting

it to small-scale production. The semi-intensive grazing with supplementary

feeding dairy farming system combines pasture and feedlot feeding. This

system requires more input than the grazing system but less than zero grazing

or confinement systems. The main limitations of this system are that it

necessitates more equipment and labor because cows are kept in a feedlot for a

portion of the day to consume supplementary feeds, but they are free to roam

in pastures at other times. Zero grazing is a system in which cows are kept in

one location for the duration of their lives. This is the most common type of

dairy production system in the world. The zero-grazing system has both

advantages and disadvantages. The main advantages are that it reduces labor,

lowers feed costs, and improves milk quality. Additionally, there are many

constraints including lower cow fertility, higher cow mortality rates, and less

environmental sustainability than other systems.

  1. What do you think is the strong competition of industry within the domestic level as well as in neighboring ASEAN countries?  Dairy production in the Philippines is lower than production in other sectors such as poultry and swine. With such strong competitors, dairy production is not well known in the country because it has yet to fully develop and bloom. But, with more research and good investments, I believe it will thrive and be able to compete with other industries in the country. On the other hand, exports of our dairy products last year showed signs of a logged decrease, which is very concerning to those involved in this sector. The Philippine dairy industry continues to lag behind India and China in dairy production, as well as other countries that contribute to global dairy production.
  2. How can you sustain dairy production, with its increasing demand of the consumers and by meeting the organic agriculture and good animal husbandry practices standard and the guide to good dairy farming practices?  As an animal science student, I can help to sustain dairy production by learning about the various methods of production, how to care for our dairy animals, the dos and dont's, and ways on how to crossbreed animals that are high in yielding milk. Aside from that, I need to put what I've learned in dairy production to use so that in the future I can produce a sufficient number of dairy products that will be well received by the people in the country.
  3. Why is Philippines ideal for dairy production?  Because of its climate and natural resources, the Philippines is an ideal location for dairy production. The climate in the country is tropical, with two seasons: wet and dry. This makes it easier to feed cows and process milk products, which are especially beneficial during the rainy season. Rice, corn, coconuts, sugar cane, bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, garlic, and onions are among the natural resources available in the Philippines to produce dairy products. All these crops thrive in the country's fertile soil.
  4. Why do (non)government agencies focus on dairy enterprise in Northern Mindanao (i.e., Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, Lanao del Norte), Davao del Sur (i.e., Davao City, Bansalan), Cebu (i.e., Consolacion, Lilo-an), Southern Tagalog regions.  The dairy industry was seen as having potential by the agencies in these areas. Because of the suitable topography and location, these areas are one of the major contributors to agricultural products in the Philippines. Many government and non- government organizations promote the dairy industry and encourage more farmers to enter the dairy business because Northern Mindanao, Davao del Sur, and Southern Tagalog have good breeds that can produce high yielding milk, and I want to emphasize once again that these areas is agricultural, which means we have different crop production as well as animal production, one of which is dairy production Aside from that, there are many organizations in the area that assist and provide lectures, as well as many projects and farms in the area that aim to increase local milk production in order to achieve significant milk sufficiency in the country.
  5. Give at least 5 establishments that cater or manufacture dairy products and by-products in our country.  Alaska Milk Corporation  Century Pacific Food  Creamline Dairy Products  Phil Dairy Products Corp
  1. Follow the matrix bellow in identifying the breeds (cattle, buffaloes, and goats) their origin, physical features and distinctive characteristics, and other information. Breeds Origin; Physical Features and Distinctive Characteristics CATTLE Brown Swiss  Origin: The Alps of Switzerland.  Characteristics: Considered the oldest of the dairy breeds, Brown Swiss can vary in color, from silver to dark brown, and are large with large ears. Their milk is ideal for making cheese because of its high protein-to-fat ratio.  Fun Fact: In Switzerland, Brown Swiss are taken to high mountain meadows in the summer. They wear large cow bells so farmers can find them in the fog! Guernsey  Origin: First raised by monks on the Isle of Guernsey in the English Channel.  Characteristics: Guernsey cows can range from fawn to golden in color and often have white legs and white areas on her body.  Fun Fact: Known for their rich, golden color of milk, was given the title “Golden Guernsey.” Their milk color is due to high levels of beta carotene (a source of vitamin A) in the milk. Holstein  Origin: The Netherlands. A Dutch settler brought the first Holstein to America in 1631.  Characteristics: This breed is the most common of the dairy breeds, and in addition to her black-and-white markings, she produces more milk than other dairy breeds.  Fun Fact: Did you know Holstein cows’ spots are like snowflakes or fingerprints? No two are exactly alike! Jersey  Origin: The Isle of Jersey in the English Channel.  Characteristics: The Jersey is the smallest of the dairy breeds and her color ranges from light to dark brown. The most heat- tolerant of dairy breeds, she produces milk with a very high butterfat content (perfect for ice cream).  Fun Fact: Borden Dairy introduced the famous Elsie the Cow, a Jersey, in 1936. Milking Shorthorn  Origin: Northeastern England in the valley of the Tees River, first coming to the U.S. early in the 1780’s.  Characteristics: Milking Shorthorns are considered a dual- purpose breed that can be used for milk or beef production. Large in size, they are often white and roan in color and their milk is known for its high protein-to-fat ratio.  Fun Fact: This breed is part of the foundation for other red types of milk cows, including Swedish Red cattle and Illawarra cattle in Australia! Red & White  Origin: The Netherlands.  Characteristics: With characteristics like a black-and-white Holstein, the “red” of the Red & White resembles the brown of a chestnut horse. She is known for a strong immune system and tolerance to heat.  Fun Fact: This is the most recent breed of cows to be recognized, coming into the breed family in 1964. The expression of the red color is a function of a recessive gene. Ayrshire  Origin: This breed was brought to America around 1800 from

the Scottish county of Ayr.  Characteristics: Known as the “aristocrat” of dairy breeds because of their size and vigor, they are rusty-red and white in color and adapt easily to their environment.  Fun Fact: Because of their adaptability, Ayrshires are found in most parts of the world, including Southern Africa. BUFFALOES  Murrah  Origin: Haryana and Punjab of India  The colour is usually jet black with white markings on the tail and face and extremities are sometimes found.  The tightly curved horn is an important characteristic of this breed.  The body size is massive, neck and head are comparatively long.  Head of females is short, fine and clear cut.  Hips are broad and fore and hind quarters are drooping.  The buffalo cows of this breed are one of the most efficient milk and butter fat producers in India.  Butter fat content is 7%. Average lactation yield is vary from 1500-2500 kg the average milk yield is 6.8 kg/day.  While a few individual animals yield much as 19.1 kg/day.  Age at first calving is 45-50 months and inter calving period is 450-500 days Nili-Ravi  This breed is found in Sutlej valley in Ferozpur district of Punjab and in the Sahiwal district of Pakistan.  (Bred around Ravi River)  Usually, the colour is black with white marking on the forehead, face, muzzle, legs, and tail.  The most desired character of the female is the possession of white markings.  The head is elongated, bulging at top, and depressed between eyes. The muzzle is fine.  The frame is medium sized.  The peculiarity of the breed is the wall eyes.  The horns are small and coiled tightly. The neck is long, thin, and fine. Godavari  Godavari is a result of the crossing of native buffaloes with Murrah bulls. The home tract is Godavari and Krishna deltaic area  The animals are of medium stature with compact bodies. The colour is predominantly black with a sparse coat of coarse brown hair.  Godavari buffaloes are reputed for high fat with daily average milk yield of 5-8 litres and lactation yield of 1200-1500 litres. Surti  The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda district of Gujarat.  The coat colour varies from rusty brown to silver-grey. Skin is black or brown.  The body is well shaped and medium sized; the barrel is wedge shaped.  The head is long with prominent eyes.  The horns are sickle shaped, moderately long, and flat.  The colour is black or brown  The peculiarity of the breed is two white collars, one round the

and weigh no less than 170 pounds.  Produces about 1.5 liters of milk daily. Saanen  Origin: Saanen Valley, Switzerland  The Saanen is a dairy goat with a dished or straight facial line and a wedge-shaped body. With pure to off-white color. When compared to other Alpine breeds in Australia, Saanens are of medium height. At least 64 kg in weight.  Produces 1.8 liters a day. Nubian  Origin: Mixed African, Asian and European origin  The Nubian has long, wide drooping ears, large almond- shaped eyes, a wide forehead, a convex "roman" nose, a tall flat-sided body, long legs, and a short shiny coat.  Produces 1 to 2 liters of milk daily. LaMancha  Origin: United States (California)  Lamancha goats are possibly the most unusual goat breed, distinguished by their extremely short ear pinnae. They are also noted for their great milk output, comparatively high butterfat content in their milk, and friendly disposition. Toggenburg  Origin: Toggenburg Valley of Switzerland at Obertoggenburg.  Toggenburgs are a dairy-type animal that is small and sturdy (that is, with a dished or straight facial line and wedge-shaped body). They are often smaller than the other Alpine breeds. It weighs at least 55 kg. The average height at the withers for does is around 79 cm and 90 cm for bucks.  Milk producution averanges about 1.5 liters a day. Oberhasli  Origin: in the Canton of Berne in Switzerland  Oberhasli goats can also be black because of recessive genes. These goats have straight faced and erect ears. A mature female must be at least 28 inches tall at the withers (top of the shoulder blades) and weigh at least 120 pounds. Males typically stand 30 inches tall and weigh 150 pounds or more. Boer  Origin: Southern Africa from indigenous African  Large, stocky animals with a white body and a red head, brown eyes, lop (downward-hanging) ears, backward-curving horns, and powerful, well-placed legs are the most valued Boer goats. Adult males frequently weigh 160 kg ( pounds), while females can weigh up to 110 kg (about 250 pounds). Dadiangas Goat  Origin: General Santos, Philippines  The Dadiangas strain goat had a straight head face, erect ears, and hairy thighs. In terms of body weight, height, and length, they were comparable to the Anglo-Nubian improvements.  Milk production is just enough to its kids.