Personal Identity and Social Identity: An Overview, Assignments of Copyright Law

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Individual vs.

Social Identity

Presented by Lester Jess Duay

**It means establishment of individuality of a person. In medico-legal cases identification is very important in living as well as in dead. May be

1. Complete identity
2. Incomplete or partial identity**

Personal Identity

Medicolegal aspects In living, in civil courts, identification is required in cases: •Marriage

- Disputed sex •Inheritance •Insurance

• pension any crime, such as murder, rape, assault In dead, identification is required: 1. In cases of fire, explosion and accidents. 2. When an unknown dead body is found. 3. In cases of decomposed bodies, fragmented bodies, mutilated body or skeletal remains.

Methods of determination of

personal identity

**Three methods

1. Third party method
2. Subjective method
3. Objective method**

When third party is not available--- morphological data of examinee collected. Morphological data collected from: At the time of Medicolegal examination clues or characters recorded in fullest detail. Personal identity data can be classified as : 1) Anatomical data.

1. Physical characters of body, (like facial features)
2. Belongings of examinee

2. Physiological data
3. Pathological data/parameters
4. Genetic data

Subjective method

Anatomical parameters Primary data: which present at the time of birth. Secondary data; which develop and appear subsequently at various stages of life. Like secondary sex characters and degenerative changes.

Utilization of morphological data and belongings data Useful in cases of decomposed and mutilated remains Remains are sorted to separate Biological and Non-biological materials Non biological materials Biological stains or traces

Objective Method

Biological group includes body fluids and tissue. Like hair, nails, blood, saliva, semen, CSF, urine, vomit, excreta. Non biological group includes; Clothes, wristwatch, purse Leaves, grass, Bottles, tablets, bullets, pellets etc.

**- According to Henri Tajfel, social identity is a person's sense of who he or she is based on group membership(s).

• Tajfel proposed that the groups (i.e. social class, family, team, etc.) which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world (aka "society").**

- Henri Tajfel proposed that stereotyping (i.e. putting people into groups and categories) is based on a normal cognitive process: the tendency to group things together. In doing so we tend to exaggerate both the differences between groups as well as the similarities of things in the same group.

- We categorize people in the same way. We see the group to which we **belong (the in-group) as being different from the others (the out- group), and members of the same group as being more similar to each other than they really are.

• Social categorization is one explanation for prejudice (i.e. “them” and “us” mentality).**

Categories are often broad and contain stereotypes, but we need them in order to function in the world. For example, if there's a medical emergency, we would want to know if there was a doctor that could help us. Similarly, if there was a crime committed, we would look for a policeman. People understand themselves by deciding/knowing the groups to which they belong.

1. Social Categorization

2. Social Identification

- In the second stage of this process, we adopt the identity of the group we have categorized ourselves as belonging to.