21st Century Philippine Literature, Summaries of Mathematics

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21st Century Literature

from the Philippines

and the World

Quarter 1 – Module 1:

Introduction to Philippine Literature

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World– Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Introduction to Philippine Literature First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – NCR Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City, Metro Manila Telefax: (632) 8929- 0153 E-mail Address: depedncr@deped.gov.ph Development Team of the Module Writers: Mirasol C. Eugenio, PhD & Astrid E. Arevalo Editor: Marilou S. Syjueco Reviewers: Nenita J. Rivera, Melibeth D.C. Ruiz, Irene M. Raya, Felisa I. Salud, Aprilyn G. Reyes, Anna Margarita L. Arcega, Nerissa B. Mendoza, Ralph Joseph Quiaoit Layout Artists: Mirasol C. Eugenio, Astrid E. Arevalo, Ana Lisa M. Mesina Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma Genia V. Santos Dennis M. Mendoza Micah S. Pacheco Josefina M. Pablo Dalisay E. Esguerra Hilda C. Valencia

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.

What I Need to Know

In general, this module aims to encourage the learners to appreciate and critically study the various dimensions, genres, elements, structures, contexts, and traditions of the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines. Moreover, the learners are expected to show understanding and appreciation of 21st Century Philippine literature from the regions by writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and by doing an adaptation using various multimedia platforms. As an introductory part, Module 1 gives information on literature and its forms before having an overview of Philippine literature. The module covers only one topic, that is: ● Lesson 1 – Introduction to Philippine Literature After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify literature and its various genres, forms, elements, and traditions;
2. differentiate/compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions;
3. recognize the various influences that affect the type of literature produced in the Philippines; and
4. express appreciation of literature by identifying its benefits through composition writing.

MELC:

Write a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and doing an adaptation of these require from the learner the ability to identify: (EN12Lit-Ib) the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary representative texts and authors from each region (e.g. engage in oral history research with focus on key personalities from the students’ region/province/town) Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions (EN12Lit-Id-25)

6. What is called as the turning point in a story? A. Climax B. Denouement C. Exposition D. Plot
7. What element of plot is depicted in this given statement: "Everything changed when she showed unparalleled strength and courage."? A. Climax B. Falling action C. Resolution or denouement D. Rising action
8. The famous work written by Dr. Jose P. Rizal entitled "El Filibusterismo" reflects the daily experiences and struggles of our Filipinos during his time. In which genre does it belong? A. Drama B. Non-fiction prose C. Poetry D. Prose fiction
9. What is most likely the theme of literary text during early Spanish period? A. Equality B. Nationalism C. Nature D. Religion and morality
10. Which period in the history of Philippine literature did the Spanish, American, and Japanese come to our country? A. Colonial Period B. Period of Apprenticeship C. Post-colonial Period D. Pre-colonial Period

Lesson

1 Exploring Philippine Literary Forms, Genres, Elements, and Traditions Philippine literature is as rich and diverse as the 7500 plus islands that make up our archipelago. This is not surprising considering that we have 183 living languages (ethnologue.com) across 17 regions comprised of 82 provinces. One can only imagine the many forms of artistic communication (oral or written) that have been passed on to and through generations, communities, and groups. Then and now, literature in the Philippines have come in various genres (forms) and have been appreciated and analyzed for their forms, elements, structures, and traditions.

What’s In

If you were to write about something that pertains to the current condition of the Philippines, what would be your topic or subject about? Discuss your inspirations for choosing your topic. Answer in two to three sentences. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Notes to the Teacher

Lead the learners toward connecting literature to the social, political, emotional, psychological, and economic aspects of human experiences.

What is It

The term literature is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet". According to the website Britannica, literature is traditionally defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and creative works of poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems such as language, national origin, historical period, genre and subject matter. Literature can either be in oral or written form. The oral literature handed down from one generation to another, then later on transformed into written form. The products of written literature are called literary text. A text can be considered literary if it has the elements of psychological characterization and chronology. Also, literature uses literary devices such as metaphor and symbolism. Reading for entertainment and learning is the most common reason why people read literature. Simply, the best way to describe the characteristics of literary text is that (1) it narrates a story; (2) it expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be based from the imagination or real life experiences of the author or other people; and (3) it delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures and languages. Also, literature contains specific structure. Literary structure refers to the organizational method used in literature in which the most common type is the narrative. Parts of the narrative structure (or plot) are the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (denouement). In a much broader context, literary structure is not only limited to content and form but this may also refer to "the general features or characteristic of genre, style, a specific literary trend, literature as an art form, and finally, art as a whole" (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia). For Murphy (n.d.), literary structure may involve arrangement of various elements according to purpose, style, and genre to effectively convey the intended meaning for the audience. Two Major Forms of Literature

1. Poetry. This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be divided into three types: narrative, dramatic, and lyrical poetry. a. Narrative Poetry. This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, conflict, etc. b. Dramatic Poetry. This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry. c. Lyric Poetry. It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a story.
2. Prose. In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph form.

a. Fiction. This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking where the characters react to the conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror. b. Non-fiction. These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like. Some Examples of Major Forms of Literature Genre refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and written. The main types are prose and poetry. There are many other forms that have sprung through the years. Specifically, it is defined in the curriculum guide as something that “may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres in literature are (in loose chronological order) epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry. Additionally, a genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above, not only as a sub-genre, but as a mixture of genres. Finally, they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in which they were composed. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may be classified as either adult, young-adult, or children's. They also must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book.” ( Glossary, Curriculum Guide ) Literary elements refer “to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They are not “used,” per se, by authors; they represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and narrative forms. For example, every story has a theme, a setting, a conflict, and has a particular point-of-view, etc. In order to be discussed legitimately as part of a textual analysis, literary elements must be specifically identified for that particular text.” ( Glossary, Curriculum Guide ). The common elements of a story are setting , character , conflict , theme , point of view ,

POETRY

NARRATIVE Epic Ballad Metrical Tales DRAMATIC Dramatic Monologu e Soliloquy LYRIC Haiku Ode Elegy Sonnet Song

PROSE

FICTION Short Story Novel Play Legend Fable NON-FICTION Biography/ Autobiography Narrative Essay Memoir Diaries and Journal

of religious purposes and themes. It was made in an attempt to instill traditional Spanish ways and cultures among the native Filipinos. Despite this indoctrination, native tradition still survived and flourished especially for areas where the colonial power was less popular. Literacy paved the way to develop sense of nationalism among Filipinos during the latter part of Spanish colonization. Filipinos started to write about oppression, corruption, and other social ills such as in the works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal entitled Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo. The literary production during the American Period was inspired by the developments in education and culture. Knowledge and information became accessible to all Filipinos because of the free public education. During the apprenticeship period, the Filipino writers imitated English and American models. All forms of literature were explored by Filipino writers. During this period, short stories were the most prevalent literary form. With the new knowledge of English language, many writers started to gain recognition both locally and internationally like Jose Garcia Villa who earned the International title, “Poet of the Century" as an example. Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when we were conquered by Japan between 1941-1945 since freedom of expression was uncommon back then. Filipino writers in the Philippines were forbidden to write anything against the government and only those who were in exile had the privilege to do so. As a result of banning the English language, short stories written in the vernaculars flourished in the country. The three most influential foreign invaders to the types of literature produced during colonial periods are Spanish, American, and Japanese wherein the common themes and subject mostly tackle about oppression, religion, freedom, or anything that reflects the experiences of Filipino people under the colonizers. The influences brought to us by colonial periods are said to have been extended up to the post- colonial periods especially in social and cultural dimensions. Post-colonial is the period after the rebirth of freedom in the Philippines up to the present. One of the most unforgotten and controversial periods during this era is having Martial Law during the Marcos regime. All of the periods mentioned are essential towards understanding the types of literature being produced in the Philippines. ASSESSMENT 1a: What Have I learned so far? Answer the following questions.

1. Why is it important to learn about the pre-colonial literature of the Philippines?
2. How does the literature during the Spanish era differ from the literature during the pre-colonial era?
3. Which era do you think has been able to exert its influences the most? Why?

ASSESSMENT 1b: Match the literary theme on SET A to the exact period when it was written from SET B. A B

1. sense of nationalism; oppression A. Pre-colonial Period
2. heroic deeds; nature; supernatural B. Early Spanish Period
3. morality; religion C. Revolutionary Period
4. poverty; injustice; activism; social issues D. American Period
5. longing for independence; E. Japanese Period social justice and consciousness F. Post-colonial Period ASSESSMENT 1c: Some famous literary works in the Philippines are listed below. Identify to which type or genre each literary work belongs.
6. "Biag ni Lam-ang" anonymous
7. "Noli me Tangere" by Jose Rizal
8. "What Is an Educated Filipino" by Francisco Benitez
9. "Footnote to Youth" by Jose Garcia Villa
10. "How the World Began" anonymous ASSESSMENT 1d: Look up literary traditions that identify with each historical period below. Have a separate sheet for this activity. Literary traditions Historical Period
11. A. Pre-colonial
12. B. Spanish
13. C. American
14. D. Japanese
15. E. Post-war to the 1980s 6 D. Post-EDSA to present Activity 2: Understanding the Text Have you ever wondered why we often encounter the term "Native Filipino" when we hit the search engine about our ancestors? In the same manner, the label "Pure Filipino" is often subject for debate since we are products of interracial families. As a result of trades with our neighboring countries during ancient times and various colonial periods in the Philippine history, our identity became a major issue. The text below, taken from the Department of Tourism website, gives background about us- Filipinos. It also discusses how various religions were introduced to us. Read thoroughly the selection to find out more. Be ready to answer the questions that follow. A. Myth C. Short story E. Drama B. Essay D. Novel F. Epic

(^10) Protestantism was introduced by the first Presbyterian and Methodist missionaries who arrived with the American soldiers in 1899. (^11) Two Filipino independent churches were organized at the turn of the century and are prominent today. These are the Aglipay (Philippine Independent Church) and the Iglesia Ni Kristo (Church of Christ) founded in 1902 and 1914, respectively. Recently the Aglipay signed a covenant with the Anglican Church. The Iglesia ni Kristo has expanded its membership considerably. Its churches, with their unique towering architecture, are landmarks in almost all important towns, provincial capitals, and major cities.

ASSESSMENT 2: Do as instructed.

2a. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT: Define the meaning of each word based on how it is used in the paragraph given.

1. stock (paragraph 1) _______________________________________
2. piousness (paragraph 2) _______________________________________
3. culminated (paragraph 4) _______________________________________
4. interspersed (paragraph 1) _______________________________________
5. prominent (paragraph 11) _______________________________________ 2b. LET'S CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING: On a separate sheet, answer each question in a complete sentence.
6. Based on the given selection, what are some foreign influences that the Filipinos inherit from various colonizers?
7. What are some positive Filipino traits mentioned in the text?
8. What does the expression "East meets West in the Philippines" mean?
9. In terms of religion, how do you characterize Filipino people?
10. What makes you proud of being a Filipino?
11. If there is something you want to improve as a Filipino, what will it be?
12. How are the different foreign influences reflected in the history of the Philippine literature? Activity 3: My Favorite Pinoy Story and Poem Bedtime stories, legends, myths, fables and parables made our childhood life complete. We had listened to these tales when somebody shared it to us in school or at home. Who could forget those moments when our parents or teachers forced us to recite poems with embarrassing gestures? Literature has been part of us since then. ASSESSMENT 3a: Recall your most unforgettable story or poem written by a Filipino author. Write a description of its content and tell the reasons why you like it that much. Have a separate sheet for this activity.

ASSESSMENT 3b: Find a Philippine example for each from old books on the internet. GENRE TITLE/AUTHOR A. Legend B. Short story C. Epic D. Novel E. Fairy Tale ASSESSMENT 3c: Look up a Lola Basyang story or a popular local tale and identify its elements. Use a separate sheet for this activity. Elements In a Lola Basyang story

1. Setting
2. Characters
3. Plot
4. Conflict
5. Theme
6. Point of View

What I Have Learned

FACT OR FICTION: Write "Fact" if the statement is true about Africa and "Fiction"

if it is false. Write the correct word or phrase on top of the incorrect one to make the false statement right. ______________1. Earliest Philippine literature before the colonization period was rich in written literary works. ______________2. Christianity is the first religion known to ancient Filipinos. ______________3. Islam emerged first before Catholicism faith. ______________4. Philippine literature can be divided into three major periods. ______________5. The two major classifications of poetry are fiction and non-fiction. ______________6. Spanish were the ones who introduced Protestantism in the Philippines. ______________7. The Filipino is a unique blend of both Eastern and Western influences. ______________8. Biography is a non-fiction literary work. ______________9. Sounds and rhythm give a musical effect to any prose. ______________10. Philippine history and cultures are associated to the country's literature.

What I Can Do

LIT AND ART: Do each task as instructed. Use the space provided for your answers. A. Draw an image that will best describe the type of literature in the Philippines. Write a short description of your drawing. B. Write a composition that discusses the benefit of literature to you as a student?

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Assessment

Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on

a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which is NOT a description of literature? A. Literature is a way to understand human nature and to know a nation. B. Literature came from the French word litera which means letters. C. Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. D. Literature deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man.
2. In which period did chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives first emerge? A. American Period B. Post-colonial Period C. Pre-colonial Period D. Spanish Period
3. Who brought Protestantism to the Philippines? A. American B. Chinese C. Japanese D. Spanish
4. What is common among these literary genres: legends, myths, fables, biographies, novels, and short stories? A. They are based on true historic events. B. They are all non-fiction prose. C. They are all written in lines. D. They all have stories to tell.
5. Which cannot be found in poetry? A. paragraphs B. rhyme scheme C. rhythm D. stanzas
6. What element of a story is depicted in this text: “It was 1986. The country was still euphoric for having ended a terrible regime”? A. conflict B. point of view C. setting D. theme